Noten

1. Ann Gibbons, ‘Food for Thought: Did the First Cooked Meals Help Fuel the Dramatic Evolutionary Expansion of the Human Brain?’, Science 316:5831 (2007), p. 1558-1560.

2. Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998 (Vlooien, roddelen en de ontwikkeling van taal, Ambo, 1997, vert. Tinke Davids).

3. Frans de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. (Chimpanseepolitiek: macht en seks onder mensapen, Contact, 1999, vert. Jan Bos); Frans de Waal, Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are, New York: Riverhead Books, 2005 (De aap in ons: waarom we zijn wie we zijn, Olympus, 2013, vert. Robert Vernooy); Michael L. Wilson en Richard W. Wrangham, ‘Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees’, Annual Review of Anthropology 32 (2003), p. 363-392; M. McFarland Symington, ‘Fission-Fusion Social Organization in Ateles and Pan’, International Journal of Primatology, 11:1 (1990), p. 49; Colin A. Chapman en Lauren J. Chapman, ‘Determinants of Groups Size in Primates: The Importance of Travel Costs’, in On the Move: How and Why Animals Travel in Groups, red. Sue Boinsky en Paul A. Garber, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 26.

4. Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language, p. 69-79 (Vlooien, roddelen en de ontwikkeling van taal); Leslie C. Aiello en R.I.M. Dunbar, ‘Neocortex Size, Group Size, and the Evolution of Language’, Current Anthropology 34:2 (1993), p. 189. Zie voor kritiek op deze benadering: Christopher McCarthy e.a., ‘Comparing Two Methods for Estimating Network Size’, Human Organization 60:1 (2001), 32; R.A. Hill en R.I.M. Dunbar, ‘Social Network Size in Humans’, Human Nature 14:1 (2003), p. 65.

5. Yvette Taborin, ‘Shells of the French Aurignacian and Perigordian’, in Before Lascaux: The Complete Record of the Early Upper Paleolithic, red. Heidi Knecht, Anne Pike-Tay en Randall White, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993, p. 211-228.

6. G.R. Summerhayes, ‘Application of pixe-pigme to Archaeological Analysis of Changing Patterns of Obsidian Use in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea’, in Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory, red. Steven M. Shackley, New York: Plenum Press, 1998, p. 129-158.

7. Christopher Ryan en Cacilda Jethá, Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality, New York: Harper, 2010; S. Beckerman en P. Valentine (red.), Cultures of Multiple Fathers. The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.

8. Noel G. Butlin, Economics and the Dreamtime: A Hypothetical History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 98-101; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2002, p. 15; William Howell Edwards, An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies, Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Social Science Press, 1988, p. 52.

9. Fekri A. Hassan, Demographic Archaeology, New York: Academic Press, 1981, p. 196-199; Lewis Robert Binford, Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, p. 143.

10. Brian Hare, The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think, Dutton: Penguin Group, 2013 (De wijsheid van honden, Ambo, 2013, vert. Patty Adelaar).

11. Christopher B. Ruff, Erik Trinkaus en Trenton W. Holliday, ‘Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo’, Nature 387 (1997), p. 173-176; M. Henneberg en M. Steyn, ‘Trends in Cranial Capacity and Cranial Index in Subsaharan Africa During the Holocene’, American Journal of Human Biology 5:4 (1993), p. 473-479; Drew H. Bailey en David C. Geary, ‘Hominid Brain Evolution: Testing Climatic, Ecological, and Social Competition Models’, Human Nature 20 (2009), p. 67-79; Daniel J. Wescott en Richard L. Jantz, ‘Assessing Craniofacial Secular Change in American Blacks and Whites Using Geometric Morphometry’, in Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, red. Dennis E. Slice, New York: Plenum Publishers, 2005, p. 231-245.

12. Nicholas G. Blurton Jones e.a., ‘Antiquity of Postreproductive Life: Are There Modern Impact on Hunter-Gatherer Postreproductive Life Spans?’, American Journal of Human Biology 14 (2002), p. 184-205.

13. Kim Hill en A. Magdalena Hurtado, Aché Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1996, p. 164 en 236.

14. Hill en Hurtado, Aché Life History, p. 78.

15. Vincenzo Formicola en Alexandra P. Buzhilova, ‘Double Child Burial from Sunghir (Russia): Pathology and Inferences for Upper Paleolithic Funerary Practices’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:3 (2004), p. 189-198; Giacomo Giacobini, ‘Richness and Diversity of Burial Rituals in the Upper Paleolithic’, Diogenes 54:2 (2007), p. 19-39.

16. I.J.N. Thorpe, ‘Anthropology, Archaeology, and the Origin of Warfare’, World Archaology 35:1 (2003), p. 145-165; Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000; Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; Slavomil Vencl, ‘Stone Age Warfare’, in Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives, red. John Carman en Anthony Harding, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1999, p. 57-73.

17. James F. O’Connel en Jim Allen, ‘Pre-LGM Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea) and the Archeology of Early Modern Humans’, in Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, red. Paul Mellars, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Katie Boyle, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007, p. 395-410; James F. O’Connel en Jim Allen, ‘When Did Humans First Arrived in Greater Australia and Why Is It Important to Know?’, Evolutionary Anthropology, 6:4 (1998), p. 132-146; James F. O’Connel en Jim Allen, ‘Dating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia – New Guinea): A Review of Recent Research’, Journal of Radiological Science 31:6 (2004), p. 835-853; Jon M. Erlandson, ‘Anatomically Modern Humans, Maritime Voyaging, and the Pleistocene Colonization of the Americas’, in The First Americans: the Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, red. Nina G. Jablonski, San Francisco: University of California Press, 2002, p. 59-60 en 63-64; Jon M. Erlandson en Torben C. Rick, ‘Archeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime Cultures and Human Impacts on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems’, Annual Review of Marine Science 2 (2010), p. 231-251; Atholl Anderson, ‘Slow Boats from China: Issues in the Prehistory of Indo-China Seafaring’, Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia, 16 (2000), p. 13-50; Robert G. Bednarik, ‘Maritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic’, Earth and Planetary Sciences 328 (1999), p. 559-560; Robert G. Bednarik, ‘Seafaring in the Pleistocene’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13:1 (2003), p. 41-66.

18. Timothy F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples, Port Melbourne, Vic.: Reed Books Australia, 1994; Anthony D. Barnosky e.a., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’, Science 306:5693 (2004), p. 70-75; Bary W. Brook en David M.J.S. Bowman, ‘The Uncertain Blitzkrieg of Pleistocene Megafauna’, Journal of Biogeography 31:4 (2004), p. 517-523; Gifford H. Miller e.a., ‘Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction’, Science 309:5732 (2005), p. 287-290; Richard G. Roberts e.a., ‘New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent Wide Extinction about 46,000 Years Ago’, Science 292:5523 (2001), p. 1888-1892.

19. Stephen Wroe en Judith Field, ‘A Review of Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation’, Quaternary Science Reviews 25:21-22 (2006), p. 2692-2703; Barry W. Brooks e.a., ‘Would the Australian Megafauna Have Become Extinct If Humans Had Never Colonised the Continent? Comments on “A Review of the Evidence for a Human Role in the Extinction of Australian Megafauna and an Alternative Explanation” by S. Wroe and J. Field’, Quaternary Science Reviews 26:3-4 (2007), p. 560-564; Chris S. M. Turney e.a., ‘Late-Surviving Megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, Implicate Human Involvement in their Extinction’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:34 (2008), p. 12150-12153.

20. John Alroy, ‘A Multispecies Overkill Simulation of the End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Mass Extinction’, Science, 292:5523 (2001), p. 1893-1896; O’Connel en Allen, ‘Pre-lgm Sahul’, p. 400-401.

21. L.H. Keeley, ‘Proto-Agricultural Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Survey’, in Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, red. T. Douglas Price en Anne Birgitte Gebauer, Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press, 1995, p. 243-272; R. Jones, ‘Firestick Farming’, Australian Natural History 16 (1969), p. 224-228.

22. David J. Meltzer, First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.

23. Paul L. Koch en Anthony D. Barnosky, ‘Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate’, The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37 (2006), p. 215-250; Anthony D. Barnosky e.a., ‘Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents’, p. 70-75.

24. Dit kaartje is voornamelijk gebaseerd op Peter Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies, Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2005.

25. Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, 130-131; Robert S. Walker en Drew H. Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence’, Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (2013), p. 29-34.

26. Katherine A. Spielmann, ‘A Review: Dietary Restriction on Hunter-Gatherer Women and the Implications for Fertility and Infant Mortality’, Human Ecology 17:3 (1989), p. 321-345. Zie ook: Bruce Winterhalder en Eric Alder Smith, ‘Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty Five’, Evolutionary Anthropology 9:2 (2000), p. 51-72.

27. Alain Bideau, Bertrand Desjardins en Hector Perez-Brignoli (eds.), Infant and Child Mortality in the Past, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997; Edward Anthony Wrigley e.a., English Population History from Family Reconstitution, 1580-1837, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 295-296 en 303.

28. Manfred Heun e.a., ‘Site of Einkorn Wheat Domestication Identified by dna Fingerprints’, Science 278:5341 (1997), p. 1312-1314.

29. Charles Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust, New York: Lantern Books, 2002, p. 9-10; Peter J. Ucko en G.W. Dimbleby (red.), The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Londen: Duckworth, 1969, p. 259.

30. Avi Pinkas (red.), Farmyard Animals in Israel – Research, Humanism and Activity, Rishon Le-Ziyyon: The Association for Farmyard Animals, 2009 [Hebreeuws], p. 169-199; ‘Milk Production – the Cow’ [Hebreeuws], The Dairy Council, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://www.milk.org.il/cgi-webaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=show&dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm

31. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969; E.C. Amoroso en P.A. Jewell, ‘The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive People’, in Man and Cattle: Proceedings of the Symposium on Domestication at the Royal Anthropological Institute, 24-26 May 1960, red. A.E. Mourant en F.E. Zeuner, Londen: The Royal Anthropological Institute, 1963, p. 129-134.

32. Johannes Nicolaisen, Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg, Kopenhagen: Nationaal Museum, 1963, p. 63.

33. Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2 (Parijs: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006), p. 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

34. Robert B. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World: A Global and Ecological Narrative, Lanham, md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002, p. 24.

35. Raymond Westbrook, ‘Old Babylonian Period’, in A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, red. Raymond Westbrook, Leiden: Brill, 2003, p. 361-430; Martha T. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2e ed., Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997, p. 71-142; M.E.J. Richardson, Hammurabi’s Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary, Londen: T & T Clark International, 2000.

36. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, p. 76.

37. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, p. 121.

38. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, p. 122-123.

39. Roth, Law Collections from Mesopotamia, p. 133-134.

40. Constance Brittaine Bouchard, Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France, New York: Cornell University Press, 1998, p. 99; Mary Martin McLaughlin, ‘Survivors and Surrogates: Children and Parents from the Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries’, in Medieval Families: Perspectives on Marriage, Household and Children, red. Carol Neel, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 81 n. 81; Lise E. Hull, Britain’s Medieval Castles, Westport: Praeger, 2006, p. 144.

41. Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing, New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995, p. 63 (Alfabet, hiëroglief en pictogram, Atrium, 2004, vert. Lucie van Rooijen); Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow en Robert K. Englund, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Chicago, Londen: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 36.

42. Marcia en Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas – Code of the Quipu, New York: Dover Publications, 1981.

43. Gary Urton, Signs of the Inka Khipu, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003; Galen Brokaw, A History of the Khipu, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

44. Stephen D. Houston (red.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 222.

45. Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’, in Axial Civilizations and World History, red. Johann P. Arnason, S.N. Eisenstadt en Björn Wittrock, Leiden: Brill, 2005, p. 397-451.

46. Harold M. Tanner, China: A History, Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009, p. 34.

47. Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India, Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005; Michael Bamshad e.a., ‘Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population’, Genome Research 11 (2001): p. 904-1004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

48. Houston, First Writing, 196.

49. De secretaris-generaal van de Verenigde Naties, Report of the Secretary-General on the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women, gepresenteerd aan de Algemene Vergadering, vn Doc. A/16/122/Add.1 (6 juli, 2006), p. 89.

50. Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 113-129 en 132-133.

51. Francisco López de Gómara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico, vol. 1, red. D. Joaquin Ramirez Cabañes, Mexico-Stad: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943, p. 106.

52. Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), p. 11-12; Jasim Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliográfico del Islam, Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003, p. 194.

53. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, p. 17-18.

54. David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years, Brooklyn, ny: Melville House, 2011 (Schuld: de eerste 5000 jaar, Business Contact, 2012, vert. Peter van Huizen, Wybrand Scheffer).

55. Glyn Davies, A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994, p. 15.

56. Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, vert. Chester A. Kisiel, Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1989, p. 88-89 (Kapelmeester van Auschwitz: muziek uit een andere wereld, Elikser, 2011, vert. naar de Engelse vert. uit het Frans: Jos den Bekker). De ‘markt’ van Auschwitz was voorbehouden aan bepaalde klassen gevangenen en door de jaren heen veranderden de omstandigheden drastisch.

57. Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money, New York: The Penguin Press, 2008, 4 (Het succes van geld: een financiële geschiedenis van de wereld, Olympus, 2013, vert. Robert Vernooy).

58. Voor informatie over gerstgeld heb ik me verlaten op een ongepubliceerd proefschrift: Refael Benvenisti, Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC, Hebreeuwse Universiteit van Jeruzalem, ongepubliceerd proefschrift, 2011. Zie ook: Norman Yoffee, ‘The Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, red. J.M. Sasson, New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1995, p. 1387-1399; R.K. Englund, ‘Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals’, in Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East, red. Michael Hudson en Cornelia Wunsch, Bethesda, md: cdl Press, 2004, p. 21-46; Marvin A. Powell, ‘A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage’, in Festschrift Lubor Matouš, red. B. Hruška en G. Komoróczy, Boedapest: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, 1978, p. 211-243; Marvin A. Powell, ‘Money in Mesopotamia’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39:3 (1996), p. 224-242; John F. Robertson, ‘The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, red. Sasson, p. 443-500; M. Silver, ‘Modern Ancients’, in Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction, red. R. Rollinger en U. Christoph, Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004, p. 65-87; Daniel C. Snell, ‘Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, red. Sasson, p. 1487-1497.

59. Nahum Megged, The Aztecs, Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebreeuws], p. 103.

60. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 30, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958, p. 220-221 (Het leven van Agricola, Athenaeum-Polak & Van Gennep, 2008, vert. Vincent Hunink).

61. A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution, Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983, p. 10.

62. Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries bc)’, Historia 15 (1995), p. 54 [Hebreeuws].

63. Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius’ Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach, red. Doron Mendels, Oxford: Peter Land, 2007, p. 23-24.

64. W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 2008, p. 536-537.

65. Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483-1610, Londen: Fontana Press, 1996, p. 424.

66. Marie Harm en Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde für Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil. Klasse 5 fuer Jungen, Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942, p. 152-157.

67. Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

68. David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p. 344-345; Angus Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 2, Parijs: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001, p. 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population’, U.S. Census Bureau, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

69. Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, p. 261.

70. ‘Gross Domestic Product 2009’, De Wereldbank, Data en Statistiek, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

71. Christian, Maps of Time, p. 141.

72. Het grootste moderne vrachtschip kan zo’n 100.000 ton vervoeren. In 1470 konden alle vloten van de wereld samen niet meer dan 320.000 ton vervoeren. In 1570 was het totale wereldtonnage gestegen tot 730.000 ton (Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, p. 97).

73. De grootste bank ter wereld – de Royal Bank of Scotland – maakte in 2007 melding van stortingen van in totaal 1,3 biljoen dollar. Dat is vijf keer de jaarlijkse wereldproductie van 1500. Zie ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf

74. Ferguson, Ascent of Money, p. 185-198 (Het succes van geld).

75. Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 31; Wrigley, English Population History, p. 295; Christian, Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, p. 35-45, Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

76. Wrigley, English Population History, p. 296.

77. ‘England, Interim Life Tables, 1980-82 to 2007-09’, Office for National Statistics, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-61850

78. Michael Prestwich, Edward i, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, p. 125-126.

79. Jennie B. Dorman e.a., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans’, Genetics 141:4 (1995), p. 1399-1406; Koen Houthoofd e.a., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/igf-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans’, Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947-954.

80. Shawn M. Douglas, Ido Bachelet en George M. Church, ‘A Logic-Gated Nanorobot for Targeted Transport of Molecular Payloads’, Science 335:6070 (2012), p. 831-834; Dan Peer e.a., ‘Nanocarriers As An Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy’, Nature Nanotechnology 2 (2007): p. 751-760; Dan Peer e.a., ‘Systemic Leukocyte-Directed sirna Delivery Revealing Cyclin D1 as an Anti-Inflammatory Target’, Science 319:5863 (2008): p. 627-630.

81. Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Press, 2004 (Scheurbuik: hoe een chirurgijn, een kapitein en een heer van stand een oplossing vonden voor het grootste medische raadsel van het tijdperk van de zeilvaart, Donkers, 2004, vert. Hilde Bervoets); Kenneth John Carpenter, The History of Scurvy and Vitamin c, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

82. James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768-1779, red. Archibald Grenfell Price, New York: Dover Publications, 1971, p. 16-17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 5; J.C. Beaglehole, red., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, p. 588.

83. Mark, Origins of the Modern World, p. 81.

84. Christian, Maps of Time, p. 436.

85. John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405, Londen: Allen Lane, 2007, p. 239.

86. Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia’, in de online versie van de Encyclopaedia Iranica, laatste update: 7 april 2008, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i; Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in Iran under the Pahlavis, red. George Lenczowski, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978, p. 156.

87. Mark, The Origins of the Modern World, p. 46.

88. Kirkpatrick Sale, Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise, Londen: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006, p. 7-13.

89. Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society: 1815-1914, Londen: Longman, 1980, p. 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858-1914’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, red. Andrew Porter, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 442.

90. Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, The Medieval History Journal 10:1-2 (2007), p. 151.

91. Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, p. 261 en 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and ppp’, The World Bank, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

92. De berekeningen in mijn bakkerij­voorbeeld zijn niet zo precies als ze hadden kunnen zijn. Aangezien banken tien dollar mogen uitlenen voor elke dollar die ze daadwerkelijk hebben, kan een bank van elke miljoen dollar die er wordt gestort maar zo’n 909.000 dollar uitlenen aan ondernemers, terwijl er 91.000 dollar in de kluis blijft liggen. Maar om het leven van de lezer wat makkelijker te maken werk ik liever met ronde getallen. Bovendien houden banken zich niet altijd aan de regels.

93. Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy, New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 91.

94. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History, Londen: Zed Books, 2002, p. 22.

95. Mark, Origins of the Modern World, p. 109.

96. Nathan S. Lewis en Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006), p. 15731.

97. Kazuhisa Miyamoto (red.), ‘Renewable Biological Systems for Alternative Sustainable Energy Production’, fao Agricultural Services Bulletin 128, Osaka: Osaka University, 1997, hoofdstuk 2.1.1, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7241E/w7241e06.htm#2.1.1percent20solarpercent20energy; James Barber, ‘Biological Solar Energy’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:1853 (2007), p. 1007.

98. ‘International Energy Outlook 2010’, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 9, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.

99. S. Venetsky, ‘“Silver” from Clay’, Metallurgist 13:7 (1969), p. 451; Fred Aftalion, A History of the International Chemical Industry, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991, p. 64; A.J. Downs, Chemistry of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium, Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional, 1993, p. 15.

100. Jan Willem Erisman e.a., ‘How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World’, Nature Geoscience 1 (2008), p. 637.

101. G.J. Benson en B.E. Rollin (red.), The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions, Ames, ia: Blackwell, 2004; M.C. Appleby, J.A. Mench en B.O. Hughes, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare, Wallingford: cabi Publishing, 2004; J. Webster, Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005; C. Druce en P. Lymbery, Outlawed in Europe: How America Is Falling Behind Europe in Farm Animal Welfare, New York: Archimedean Press, 2002.

102. Harry Harlow en Robert Zimmermann, ‘Affectional Responses in the Infant Monkey’, Science 130:3373 (1959), p. 421-432; Harry Harlow, ‘The Nature of Love’, American Psychologist 13 (1958), p. 673-685; Laurens D. Young e.a., ‘Early stress and later response to separation in rhesus monkeys’, American Journal of Psychiatry 130:4 (1973), p. 400-405; K.D. Broad, J.P. Curley en E.B. Keverne, ‘Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b 361:1476 (2006), p. 2199-2214; Florent Pittet e.a., ‘Effects of maternal experience on fearfulness and maternal behaviour in a precocial bird’, Animal Behavior (maart 2013), nog niet gepubliceerd, online te bekijken op: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213000547

103. ‘National Institute of Food and Agricul­ture’, United States Department of Agri­culture, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html.

104. Vaclav Smil, The Earth’s Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change, Cambridge, Mass.: mit Press, 2002; Sarah Catherine Walpole e.a., ‘The Weight of Nations: An Estimation of Adult Human Biomass’, bmc Public Health 12:439 (2012), http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/439

105. William T. Jackman, The Development of Transportation in Modern England, Londen: Frank Cass & co., 1966, p. 324-327; H.J. Dyos en D.H. Aldcroft, British Transport – An economic survey from the seventeenth century to the twentieth, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1969, p. 124-131; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

106. Voor een gedetailleerde bespreking van de ongekende vreedzaamheid van de laatste paar decennia, zie vooral: Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, New York: Viking, 2011 (Ons betere ik: waarom de mens steeds minder geweld gebruikt, Contact, 2011, vert. Hanneke Bos, Menno Grootveld, Inge Kok, Meile Snijders); Joshua S. Goldstein, Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide, New York, ny: Dutton, 2011; Gat, War in Human Civilization.

107. ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf. Zie voor sterftecijfers in eerdere tijdperken: Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

108. ‘World Health Report, 2004’, Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, 124, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

109. Raymond C. Kelly, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000, p. 21. Zie ook: Gat, War in Human Civilization, p. 129-131; Keeley, War before Civilization.

110. Manuel Eisner, ‘Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence’, British Journal of Criminology 41:4 (2001), p. 618-638; Manuel Eisner, ‘Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime’, Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 30 (2003), p. 83-142; ‘World Report on Violence and Health: Summary, Geneva 2002’, Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf; ‘World Health Report, 2004’, Wereldgezondheids­organisatie, p. 124, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/report04_en.pdf.

111. Walker en Bailey, ‘Body Counts in Lowland South American Violence,’ p. 30.

112. Voor informatie over de psychologie en de biochemie van het geluk zijn de volgende titels goede uitgangspunten: Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom, New York: Basic Books, 2006 (De gelukshypothese: de balans tussen oude wijsheid en moderne wetenschap, Spectrum, 2006, vert. L.C. van Twisk); Robert Wright, The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life, New York: Vintage Books, 1994 (Het morele dier: onze genen en ons geweten, Wereldbibliotheek, 1998, vert. Liesbeth Teixeira de Mattos); M. Csikszentmihalyi, ‘If We Are So Rich, Why Aren’t We Happy?’, American Psychologist 54:10 (1999), p. 821-827; F.A. Huppert, N. Baylis en B. Keverne, red., The Science of Well-Being, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005; Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Happiness, 2e ed., New York: Routledge, 2001; Ed Diener (red.), Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener, New York: Springer, 2009; Michael Eid en Randy J. Larsen (red.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being, New York: Guilford Press, 2008; Richard A. Easterlin (red.), Happiness in Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002; Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, New York: Penguin, 2005 (Waarom zijn we niet gelukkig? Olympus, 2009, vert. Bert Meelker).

113. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011 (Ons feilbare denken, Business Contact, 2013, vert. Peter van Huizen, Jonas de Vries); Inglehart e.a., ‘Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness’, p. 278-281.

114. D.M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present, Londen: Allen Lane, 2006 (Geluk: een geschiedenis, De Bezige Bij, 2005, vert. Corrie van den Berg, Carola Kloos).

115. Keith T. Paige e.a., ‘De Novo Cartilage Generation Using Calcium Alginate-Chondrocyte Constructs’, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:1 (1996), p. 168-178.

116. David Biello, ‘Bacteria Transformed into Biofuels Refineries’, Scientific American, 27 januari 2010, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-into-biofuel-refineries.

117. Gary Walsh, ‘Therapeutic Insulins and Their Large-Scale Manufacture’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67:2 (2005), p. 151-159.

118. James G. Wallis e.a., ‘Expression of a Synthetic Antifreeze Protein in Potato Reduces Electrolyte Release at Freezing Temperatures’, Plant Molecular Biology 35:3 (1997), p. 323-330.

119. Robert J. Wall e.a., ‘Genetically Enhanced Cows Resist Intramammary Staphylococcus Aureus Infection’, Nature Biotechnology 23:4 (2005), p. 445-451.

120. Liangxue Lai e.a., ‘Generation of Cloned Transgenic Pigs Rich in Omega-3 Fatty Acids’, Nature Biotechnology 24:4 (2006), p. 435-436.

121. Ya-Ping Tang e.a., ‘Genetic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Mice’, Nature 401 (1999), p. 63-69.

122. Zoe R. Donaldson en Larry J. Young, ‘Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality’, Science 322:5903 (2008), p. 900-904; Zoe R. Donaldson, ‘Production of Germline Transgenic Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Using Lentiviral Vectors’, Biology of Reproduction 81:6 (2009), p. 1189-1195.

123. Terri Pous, ‘Siberian Discovery Could Bring Scientists Closer to Cloning Woolly Mammoth’, Time, 17 september 2012, geraadpleegd op 19 februari 2013; Pasqualino Loi e.a., ‘Biological time machines: a realistic approach for cloning an extinct mammal’, Endangered Species Research 14 (2011), p. 227-233; Leon Huynen, Craig D. Millar en David M. Lambert, ‘Resurrecting ancient animal genomes: The extinct moa and more’, Bioessays 34 (2012), p. 661-669.

124. Nicholas Wade, ‘Scientists in Germany Draft Neanderthal Genome’, New York Times, 12 februari 2009, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/science/13neanderthal.html?_r=2&ref=science; Zack Zorich, ‘Should We Clone Neanderthals?’, Archaeology 63:2 (2009), geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.arch­aeology.org/1003/etc/neanderthals.html.

125. Robert H. Waterston e.a., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, Nature 420:6915 (2002), p. 520.

126. ‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology Office, DARPA, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-MEMSpercent29.aspx. Zie ook: Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, ieee Spectrum, december 2009, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/nuclearpowered-transponder-for-cyborg-insect?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly Who Bugged Me’, New Scientist 197:2646 (2008), p. 40-43; Emily Singer, ‘Send In the Rescue Rats’, New Scientist 183:2466 (2004), p. 21-22; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, New Scientist 189:2541 (2006), p. 30-31.

127. Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, Live Science, 7 maart 2006, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html.

128. ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx.

129. Retina Implant, http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx.

130. David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life Is Within Reach’, The Washington Post, 14 september 2006, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.

131. Miguel Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How It Will Change Our Lives, New York: Times Books, 2011.

132. Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, BU Today, 15 oktober 2008, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/

133. Jonathan Fildes, ‘Artificial Brain “10 years away”’, bbc News, 22 juli 2009, geraadpleegd op 19 september 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm.

134. Radoje Drmanac e.a., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling dna Nanoarrays’, Science 327:5961 (2010), p. 78-81; ‘Complete Genomics’ website: http://www.completegenomics.com/; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under 5000$ (Update 1)’, Bloomberg, 5 november 2009, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010; http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4SoWw; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, bbc News, laatste update 8 april 2009, geraadpleegd op 22 maart 2012, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm; Leena Rao, ‘PayPal Co-Founder And Founders Fund Partner Joins dna Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, TechCrunch, 24 september 2009, geraadpleegd op 10 december 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-founders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequencing-firm-halcyon-molecular/.