Einleitung
Charles Darwin: Die Abstammung des Menschen und die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl (Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagshandlung, 1871).
»Values in Action«-Projekt (siehe Peterson und Seligman); die Statistiken stammen von Neal Mayerson.
W. Hoffman, K. Vohs, G. Förster und R. Baumeister (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Zu Moral und Religion im 19. Jahrhundert siehe W. E. Houghton: The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830–1870 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957) und P. Gay: Bourgeois Experience: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).
Originalausgabe: Samuel Smiles: Self-Help, with illustrations of Character, Conduct, and Perseverance (London: John Murray, 1866).
Frank Channing Haddock: Power of Will (Campbell, CA: Robert Collier Publications, 1979), S. 7.
C. B. Whelan: »Self-Help Books and the Quest for Self-Control in the United States, 1950–2000«. (Dissertation, University of Oxford, 2004), http://christinewhelan.com/wp-content/uploads/Self-Help_Long_Abstract.pdf; sowie P. Carlson, »Let a Thousand Gurus Bloom«, Washington Post Magazine, 12. Februar 1995, W12.
Dale Carnegie: Wie man Freunde gewinnt (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann, 1965).
Napoleon Hill: Denke nach und werde reich (Genf: Keller, 1967).
Allen Wheelis: Wer wir sind und was uns bleibt (München: Szczesny, 1965).
B. F. Skinner: Jenseits von Freiheit und Würde (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1973).
J. Mathews: »For Math Students, Self-Esteem Might Not Equal High Scores«, Washington Post, 18. Oktober 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/10/17/AR2006101701298.html.
Eine gute Zusammenfassung des Marshmallow-Tests und anderer Experimente finden sie in W. Mischel und O. Ayduk: »Willpower in a Cognitive-Affective Processing System: The Dynamics of Delay of Gratification«, in: R. Baumeister und K. Vohs (Hg.): Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (New York: Guilford, 2004), S. 99–129, sowie in W. Mischel, »Processes in Delay of Gratification«, in: L. Berkowitz (Hg.): Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1974), S. 249–292. Die Nachfolgeuntersuchung zu den Erwachsenen finden Sie in W. Mischel, Y. Shoda und P. Peake: »The Nature of Adolescent Competencies Predicted by Preschool Delay of Gratification«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988), S. 687–696; sowie Y. Shoda, W. Mischel und P. K. Peake, »Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions«, Developmental Psychology 26 (1990), S. 978–986.
M. E. P. Seligman: What You Can Change and What You Can’t: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
R. F. Baumeister, T. F. Heatherton und D. M. Tice: Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1994).
Aus: J. P. Tangney, R. F. Baumeister und A. L. Boone: »High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success«, Journal of Personality 72 (2004), S. 271–322.
R. N. Wolfe und S. D. Johnson: »Personality as a Predictor of College Performance«, Educational and Psychological Measurement 55 (1995), S. 177– 185. Siehe auch A. L. Duckworth und M. E. P. Seligman: »Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents«, Psychological Science 16 (2005), S. 939–944.
J. Mathews, K. Youman, J. Stuewig und J. Tangney: »Reliability and Validity of the Brief Self-Control Scale among Incarcerated Offenders« (Vortrag auf der Jahrestagung der American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, Georgia, November 2007).
T. Moffitt et al.: »A Gradient of Self-Control Predicts Health, Wealth, and Public Safety«, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (24. Januar 2011), http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/20/1010076108.
R. I. M. Dunbar: »The Social Brain Hypothesis«, Evolutionary Anthropolgy 6 (1998), S. 178–190.
W. A. Roberts: »Are Animals Stuck in Time?«, Psychological Bulletin 128 (2002), S. 473–489.
M. Donald: A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness (New York: Norton, 2002); zum Willen siehe G. Ainslie: Breakdown of Will (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
Kapitel 1
Siehe im Internet unter: http://amandapalmer.net/afp. Auf YouTube finden Sie auch Videos von ihr als lebende Statue. Fotos finden Sie unter: http://brainwashed.com/amanda.
R. F. Baumeister, E. Bratlavsky, M. Muraven und D. M. Tice: »Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998), S. 1252–1265. Andere Experiment zur Ego-Depletion finden Sie in M. Muraven, D. M. Tice und R. F. Baumeister: »Self-Control as Limited Resource: Regulatory Depletion Patterns«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998), S. 774–789, sowie R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs und D. M. Tice: »Strength Model of Self-Control«, Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (2007), S. 351–355.
D. M. Wegner: White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts (New York: Vintage, 1989).
M. Inzlicht und J. N. Gutsell: »Running on Empty: Neural Signals for Self-Control Failure«, Psychological Science 18 (2007), S. 933–937.
M. S. Hagger, C. Wood, C. Stiff und N. L. D. Chatzisarantis: »Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis«, Psychological Bulletin 136 (2010), S. 495–525.
K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, N. L. Mead, S. Ramanathan und B. J. Schmeichel: »Engaging in Self-control Heightens Urges and Feelings« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Zitiert nach S. A. Maisto, M. Galizio, G. J. Connors: Drug Use and Abuse (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2008), S. 152.
Zitate von Daryl Bem: Aus Gesprächen mit den Autoren und Vorträgen.
Megan Oaten und Ken Cheng: »Academic Examination Stress Impairs Self-Control«, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005), S. 254–279.
M. Muraven, D. Shmueli und E. Burkley: »Conserving Self-Control Strength«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (2006), S. 524– 37.
S. C. Segerstrom und L. Solberg Nes: »Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self-Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue«, Psychological Science 18 (2007), S. 275–281. Siehe auch R. F. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs und D. M. Tice: »The Strength Model of Self-Control«, Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (1997), S. 351–355.
R. F. Baumeister, T. F. Heatherton und D. M. Tice: Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994).
Kapitel 2
Carol Pogash: »Myth of the ›Twinkie defense‹«, San Francisco Chronicle, 23. November 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL.
Melanie Griffith: »Rocky Mountain Low«, People, 28 März 1994, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20107725,00.html.
M. T. Gailliot, R. F. Baumeister, C. N. DeWall, J. K. Maner, E. A. Plant, D. M. Tice, L. E. Brewer und B. J. Schmeichel: »Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007), S. 325–336.
M. T. Gailliot und R. F. Baumeister: »The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control«, Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007), S. 303–327. In diesem Artikel finden Sie weitere Quellen.
Informationen zu seiner Ein-Mann-Show »Diabetes: My Struggles with Jim Turner« finden Sie unter http://www.jimturner.net sowie auf der Website von Dlife (http://www.dlife.com/diabetes/information/dlife_media/tv/jim_turner_index.html). Siehe auch; G. Brashers-Krug: »Laughing at Lows«, Voice of the Diabetic 23/3 (http://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/Publications/vod/vod_23_3/vodsum0801.htm).
M. T. Gailliot und R. F. Baumeister: »The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control«, Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007), S. 303–327.
H. C. Miller, K. F. Pattison, C. N. DeWall, R. Rayburn-Reeves und T. R. Zentall: »Self-Control without a ›Self‹?: Common Self-Control Processes in Humans and Dogs«, Psychological Science 21 (2010), S. 534–538.
Heathertons Eröffnungsvortrag zur Tagung der Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, Texas, Januar 2011. Siehe K. Demos, C. Amble, D. Wagner, W. Kelley und T. Heatherton: »Correlates of Self-Regulatory Depletion in Chronic Dieters« (Vortrag auf der Tagung der Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, Texas, 2011).
Masicampo und Baumeister führten diese Experimente 2011 durch (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Jennifer Love Hewitt: »That time of the month again«, OK!, 22. 2009, http://www.ok.co.uk/posts/view/14355/That-time-of-the-month-again.
»The worst PMS on the planet«, NoPeriod.com, http://www.noperiod.com/stories.html. Weitere Kommentare zu PMS finden Sie unter PMS Central, http://www.pmscentral.com.
D. R. Coleridge: »CSI Star’s Emmy Thrill«, TV Guide, 20. Juli 2001, http://www.tvguide.com/news/CSI-Stars-Emmy-36572.aspx.
M. T. Gailliot, B. Hildebrandt, L. A. Eckel und R. F. Baumeister: »A Theory of Limited Metabolic Energy and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms: Increased Metabolic Demands during the Luteal Phase Divert Metabolic Resources from and Impair Self-Control«, Review of General Psychology 14 (2010), S. 269–282
»Oprah Talks to Mary J. Blige«: O, May 15, 2006, http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Oprah-Interviews-Mary-J-Blige/3.
C. M. Barnes, J. Shaubroeck, M. Hugh und S. Ghumman: »Lack of Sleep and Unethical Conduct«, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (im Druck). Im Gegensatz dazu fand eine neuere Untersuchung keinen Zusammenhang zwischen Schlafmangel und Selbstdisziplin: K. D. Vohs, B. D. Glass, W. T. Maddox und A. B. Markman: »Ego depletion is not just fatigue: Evidence from a Total Sleep Deprivation Experiment«. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2 (2011), S. 16-173.
Kapitel 3
Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (Philadelphia: Henry Altemus, 1895), S. 147–164.
W. Isaacson: Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), S. 92.
R. A. Emmons und L. A. King: »Conflict among Personal Strivings: Immediate and Long-Term Implications for Psychological and Physical Well-being«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988), S. 1040–1048. Siehe auch H. W. Maphet und A. L. Miller, »Compliance, Temptation, and Conflicting Instructions«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (1982), S. 137–144.
A. Bandura und D. H. Schunk: »Cultivating Competence, Self-Efficacy, and Intrinsic Interest through Proximal Self-Motivation«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (1981), S. 586–598.
M. L. De Volder und W. Lens: »Academic Achievement and Future Time Perspective as a Cognitive-Motivational Concept«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (1982), S. 566–571.
D. S. Kirschenbaum, L. L. Humphrey und S. D. Malett: »Specificity of Planning in Adult Self-Control: An Applied Investigation«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981), S. 941–950. Siehe auch D. S. Kirschenbaum, S. Malett, L. L. Humphrey und A. J. Tomarken, »Specificity of Planning and the Maintenance of Self-Control: 1 year Follow-up of a Study Improvement Program«, Behavior Therapy 13 (1982), S. 232–240.
O. Connelly: Blundering to glory: Napoleon’s military campaigns (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), S. ix.
H. Koch: A History of Prussia (New York: Dorset, 1978).
»First U.S. Army Operations Plan ›Neptune‹«, Siehe Primary Source Documents, Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/dday/table?tocId=9400221.
G. M. Watson Jr. und H. S. Wolk: » › Whiz Kid‹: Robert S. McNamara’s World War II Service«, Air Power History, Winter 2003, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3101/is_4_50/ai_n29053044/?tag=content;col1. Siehe auch Tim Weiner, »Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93«, New York Times, 9. Juli 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/us/07mcnamara.html?_r=1&sq=Robert%20McNamara%20obituary&st=nyt&scp=4&pagewanted=all.
David Allen: Getting Things Done (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), Making It All Work (New York: Penguin Books, 2008) sowie die Website von David Allen: http://www.davidco.com/. Zur Biografie siehe Gary Wolf, »Getting Things Done Guru David Allen and His Cult of Hyperefficiency«, Wired, 25. Juni 2007, http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/ff_allen?currentPage=all; sowie Paul Keegan, »How David Allen Mastered Getting Things Done«, Business 2.0 Magazine, 1. Juli 2007, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/07/01/100117066/index.htm. Zur Forschung zu GTD siehe F. Heylighen und C. Vidal, »Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity«, Long Range Planning 41/6 (2008), S. 585–605, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2008.09.004.
C. Thompson: »Meet the Life Hackers«, New York Times Magazine, 16. Oktober 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/magazine/16guru.html?scp=1&sq=zeigarnik&st=nyt.
E. J. Masicampo und R. F. Baumeister: »Consider It Done!: Making a Plan Eliminates the Zeigarnik Effect« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Kapitel 4
Siehe W. K. Rashbaum und C. Moynihan: »At a Sentencing, Details of Spitzer’s Liaisons«, New York Times, 1. Juni 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/nyregion/02emperor.html?_r=2. Siehe auch United States of America v. Mark Brener, et al., »Affidavit in Support of Application for Arrest Warrants, Search Warrants and Seizure Warrants, Section II: The Emperors Club’s Prostitution Crimes: Payment« (United States District Court Southern Court of New York, 5. März 2008); »Emperors Club: All About Eliot Spitzer’s Alleged Prostitution Ring«, Huffington Post, 18. Oktober 2008; sowie M. Dagostino, »Ex-Call Girl Ashley Dupré«, People, 19. November 2008.
Siehe K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, B. J. Schmeichel, J. M. Twenge, N. M. Nelson und D. M. Tice: »Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control: A Limited Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008), S. 883–898.
S. Danziger, J. Levav, L. Avnaim-Pesso: »Breakfast, Lunch, and Their Effect on Judicial Decisions«, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (im Druck).
John Tierney: »The Big City: Picky, Picky, Picky«, New York Times Magazine, 12. Februar 1995.
G. J. Hitsch, A. Hortacsu, und D. Ariely: »What Makes You Click: An Empirical Analysis of Online Dating«, 2005 (unv. Manuskript, erhältlich unter http://docs.google.com).
J. Shin und D. Ariely: »Keeping Doors Open: The Effect of Unavailability on Incentives to Keep Options Open«, Management Science 50 (2004), S. 575–586.
A. Pocheptsova, O. Amir, R. Dhar und R. F. Baumeister: »Deciding without Resources: Resource Depletion and Choice in Context«, Journal of Marketing Research 46 (2009), S. 344–355.
J. Levav, M. Heitmann, A. Herrmann und S. Iyengar: »Order of Product Customization Decisions: Evidence from Field Experiments«, Journal of Political Economics 118 (2010), S. 274–299.
M. Wilson und M. Daly: »Do Pretty Women Inspire Men to Discount the Future?«, Biology Letters (Proceedings of the Royal Society London, B; Suppl., DOI 10.1098/rsbl. 2003.0134, online 12/12/2003).
R. Baumeister: Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). Siehe auch J. A. Wilder, Z. Mobasher und M. F. Hammer: »Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males«, Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004), S. 2047–2057.
Kapitel 5
F. Burkhardt, S. Evans und A. M. Pearn (Hg.): Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin, 1860–1870 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), S. 248.
Siehe unter anderem G. G. Gallup: »Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition«, Science 167 (1970), S. 86–87.
S. Duval und R. A. Wicklund: A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness (New York: Academic Press, 1972).
Charles Carver und Michael Scheier: Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control Theory Approach to Human Behavior (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981).
A. L. Beaman, B. Klentz, E. Diener und S. Svanum: »Self-Awareness and Transgression in Children: Two Field Studies«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979), S. 1835–1846.
J. G. Hull: »A Self-Awareness Model of the Causes and Effects of Alcohol Consumption«, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90 (1981), S. 586–600.
Anthony Trollope: An Autobiography of Anthony Trollope (New York: Dodd Mead, 1912), S. 104–105, 237.
T. Wright: »Information Overload: Show Me the Data!«, The RescueTime Blog, 14. Juni 2008, http://blog.rescuetime.com/2008/06/14/information-overload-show-me-the-data. Siehe auch S. Scheper, »RescueTime Founder, Tony Wright, On Life and Focus«, How to Get Focused, http://howtogetfocused.com/chapters/rescuetime-founder-tony-wright-on-life-and-focus/.
Siehe QuantifiedSelf.com, http://quantifiedself.com, und Gary Wolf, »Know Thyself: Tracking Every Facet of Life, from Sleep to Mood to Pain«, Wired, 22. Juni 2009, http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/17-07/lbnp_knowthyself.
Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, Juli 1776, April–Juli 1803.
M. Koo und A. Fishbach: »Climbing the goal ladder: How upcoming actions increase the level of aspiration«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99 (2010) S. 1–13.
R. F. Baumeister und E. E. Jones: »When Self-Presentation Is Constrained by the Target’s Knowledge: Consistency and Compensation«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978), S. 608–618. Einen Überblick über die Literatur finden Sie in R. F. Baumeister: »A Self-Presentational View of Social Phenomena«, Psychological Bulletin 91 (1982), S. 3–26, sowie R. F. Baumeister (Hg.): Public Self and Private Self (New York: Springer, 1986).
S. I. Rick, C. E. Cryder und G. Loewenstein: »Tightwads and Spendthrifts«, Journal of Consumer Research 34 (April 2008), S. 767–782.
A. Keinan und R. Kivetz: »Remedying Hyperopia: The Effects of Self-Control Regret on Consumer Behavior«, Journal of Marketing Research (2008).
Kapitel 6
David Blaines Autobiografie: Mysterious Stranger: A Book of Magic (New York: Random House, 2003) und seine Website http://davidblaine.com; Tierneys Bericht in der New York Times über Blaines Training (22. April 2008) und Rekordversuch (30. April 2008); sowie Glen David Golds Artikel: »Making a Spectacle of Himself«, New York Times Magazine, 19. Mai 2002.
M. Muraven, R. F. Baumeister und D. M. Tice: »Longitudinal Improvement of Self-Regulation through Practice: Building Self-Control through Repeated Exercise«, Journal of Social Psychology 139 (1999), S. 446–457.
P. Wesley Schultz u. a.: »The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms«, Psychological Science 18/5 (1. Mai 2007), S. 429–434; siehe auch R. H. Thaler und C. R. Sunstein: Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), C. Thompson: »Desktop Orb Could Reform Energy Hogs«, Wired, 24. Juli 2007.
D. K. Detterman: »Intelligence«, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (2001), http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761570026.
M. Oaten und K. Cheng: »Improved Self-Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic Study«, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28 (2006), S. 1–16; M. Oaten und K. Cheng, »Longitudinal Gains in Self-Regulation from Regular Physical Exercise«, British Journal of Health Psychology 11 (2006), S. 717–733; M. Oaten und K. Cheng, »Improvements in Self-Control from Financial Monitoring«, Journal of Economic Psychology 28 (2006), S. 487–501.
R. F. Baumeister, M. Gailliot, C. N. DeWall und M. Oaten: »Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior«, Journal of Personality 74 (2006), S. 1773–1801.
E. J. Finkel, C. N. DeWall, E. B. Slotter, M. Oaten und V. A. Foshee: »Self-Regulatory Failure and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97 (2009), S. 483–499.
Kapitel 7
Henry Morton Stanley: Mein Leben (München: Die Lese, 1911).
Details aus Stanleys Leben und seinen Expeditionen stammen überwiegend aus Tim Jeals Biografie Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007) und Gesprächen mit Jeal. Andere Quellen waren Stanleys Autobiografie; sein Buch In Darkest Africa, or the Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin Governor of Equatoria (Kindle, 2008), die Beschreibung seiner Expedition von 1887 bis 1889; eine moderne Darstellung von D. Liebowitz und C. Pearson: The Last Expedition: Stanley’s Mad Journey through the Congo in Darkest Africa (New York: Norton, 2005).
Joseph Conrad: Das Herz der Finsternis, in: Geschichten vom Hörensagen. Übersetzt von Ernst Wolfgang Freißler. Frankfurt/Main: S. Fischer, 1959.
Mark Twain: Mark Twain’s Speeches (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1910) S. 157. Siehe auch Jeal, Stanley, S. 468.
Rosamund Bartlett: Chekhov: Scenes from a Life (London: Free Press, 2004), S. 163.
Stanley: Mein Leben.
Stanleys Notizbuch, Januar bis Juni 1889, zitiert in Jeal, S. 358.
D. Ariely und G. Loewenstein: »The Heat of the Moment: The Effect of Sexual Arousal on Sexual Decision Making«, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 19 (2006), S. 87–98.
Stanley: Wie ich Livingstone fand (Leipzig: Reclam, 1879).
D. Magary: »The Public Humiliation Diet: A How-To«, Deadspin. com, http://deadspin.com/5545674/the-public-humiliation-diet-a-how+to?skyline=true&s=i.
http://www.stickk.com und I. Ayres: Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (New York: Bantam, 2010).
X. Giné, D. Karlan und J. Zinman: »Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is: A Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
R. Rahinel, J. P. Redden, and K. D. Vohs: »An Orderly Mind is Sensitive to Norms« (unveröffentlichtes Manuskript, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 2011).
D. De Ridder, G. Lensvelt-Mulders, C. Finkenauer, F. M. Stok und R. F. Baumeister: »Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Self-Control Affects a Wide Range of Behaviors« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Robert Boice: Advice for New Faculty Members (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2000).
Stanley, Mein Leben.
K. Fujita, Y. Trope, N. Liberman und M. Levin-Sagi: »Construal Levels and Self-Control«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (2006), S. 351–367.
Eric Clapton und Stephen Bishop: »Holy Mother«, Live at Montreux, 1986 (DVD, Eagle Rock Entertainment, 2006). Eric Clapton: Clapton: The Autobiography (New York: Broadway Books, 2007).
Mary Karr: Lit: A Memoir (New York: HarperCollins, 2009) und The Liars’ Club (New York: Viking Penguin, 1995).
J. McKellar, E. Stewart und K. Humphreys: »Alcoholics Anonymous Involvement and Positive Alcohol-Related Outcomes: Cause, Consequence, or Just a Correlate? A Prospective 2-Year Study of 2.319 Alcohol-Dependent Men«, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (2003), S. 302–308.
Unter anderem in J. A. Schaler: Addiction Is a Choice (Chicago: Open Court/Carus, 2000).
Siehe unter anderem J. A. Schaler: Addiction Is a Choice (Chicago, IL: Open Court/Carus: 2000). Siehe auch G. M. Heyman: Addiction: A Disorder of Choice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 2009).
C. D. Rawn und K. D. Vohs: »People Use Self-Control to Risk Personal Harm: An Intra-personal Dilemma«, Personality and Social Psychology Review (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Die Untersuchung von Carlo DiClemente ist zurzeit in Vorbereitung.
Siehe W. J. Rorabaugh: The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
Dies ergab die oben erwähnte Untersuchung von DiClemente.
F. Kast und D. Pomeranz: »Peers as a Savings Commitment Device: Evidence from a Field Experiment among Low-Income Micro-Entrepreneurs in Chile« (Vortrag vor der Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, 1. Oktober 2009).
N. A. Christakis und J. H. Fowler: »The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network«, New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008), S. 2249–2258.
N. A. Christakis and J. H. Fowler: »The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years«, New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007), S. 370–379; sowie E. Cohen-Cole und J. M. Fletcher, »Is Obesity Contagious: Social Networks vs. Environmental Factors in the Obesity Epidemic«, Journal of Health Economics 27 (2008), S. 1382–1387.
M. E. McCullough, W. T. Hoyt, D. B. Larson, H. G. Koenig und C. E. Thoresen: »Religious Involvement and Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review«, Health Psychology 19 (2000), S. 211–222.
M. R. McCullough und B. L. B. Willoughby: »Religion, Self-Regulation, and Self-Control: Associations, Explanations, and Implications«, Psychological Bulletin 135 (2009), S. 69–93.
J. A. Brefczynski-Lewis, A. Lutz, H. S. Schaefer, D. B. Levinson und R. J. Davidson: »Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise in Long-Term Meditation Practitioners«, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104/27 (2007), S. 11483–11488.
A. Fishbach, R. S. Friedman und A. W. Kruglanski: »Leading Us Not into Temptation: Momentary Allurements Elicit Overriding Goal Activation«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84/2 (2003) S. 296–309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.296.
J. Tierney: »For Good Self-Control, Try Getting Religious About It«, New York Times, 30. Dezember 2008.
M. W. Baldwin, S. E. Carrell und D. F. Lopez: »Priming Relationship Schemas: My Advisor and the Pope Are Watching Me from the Back of My Mind«, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 26 (1990), S. 435–454.
G. Ainslie: Breakdown of Will (New York: Cambridge University Press, (2001).
Kapitel 9
Folge »The Little House of Horrors« von Nanny 911 (auf DVD: Nanny 911: The First Season, Fox Broadcasting Company, 2008) und aus dem Buch von Deborah Carroll und Stella Reid mit Karen Moline, Nanny 911: Expert Advice for All Your Parenting Emergencies (New York: Harper Entertainment, 2005).
Neil Smelser: »Self-Esteem and Social Problems: An Introduction«, in A. M. Mecca, N. J. Smelser und J. Vasconcellos (Hg.): The Social Importance of Self-Esteem (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1989), S. 1–23.
R. F. Baumeister, J. D. Campbell, J. I. Krueger und K. D. Vohs: »Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?« Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (2003), S. 1–44.
D. R. Forsyth, N. A. Kerr, J. L. Burnette und R. F. Baumeister: »Attempting to Improve the Academic Performance of Struggling College Students by Bolstering Their Self-Esteem: An Intervention That Backfired«, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 26 (2007), S. 447–459.
D. L. Paulhus: »Interpersonal and Intrapsychic Adaptiveness of Trait Self-Enhancement: A Mixed Blessing?«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1998), S. 1197–1208.
J. M. Twenge und W. K. Campbell: The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Free Press, 2009).
J. R. Flynn: Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond IQ (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991).
Dr. S. K. Abboud und J. Kim: Top of the Class: How Asian Parents Raise High Achievers – and How You Can Too (New York: Berkley Books, 2005).
S. T. Russell, L. J. Crockett und R. K. Chao (Hg.): Asian American Parenting and Parent-Adolescent Relationships (New York: Springer, 2010).
R. K. Chao: »Chinese and European American Mothers’ Beliefs about the Role of Parenting in Children’s School Success«, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27 (1996), S. 403.
Amy Chua: Die Mutter des Erfolgs: Wie ich meinen Kindern das Siegen beibrachte (München: Nagel & Kimche, 2011).
A. M. C. Otto, P. A. M. Schots, J. A. J. Westerman und P. Webley: »Children’s Use of Saving Strategies: An Experimental Approach«, Journal of Economic Psychology 27 (2006), S. 57–72.
B. D. Bernheim, D. M. Garrett und D. M. Maki: »Education and Saving: The Long-Term Effects of High School Financial Curriculum Mandates«, Journal of Public Economics 80 (2001), S. 436–467. Zum Einfluss der Eltern auf das Sparverhalten der Kinder siehe P. Webley und E. K. Nyhus: »Parents’ Influence on Children’s Future Orientation and Saving«, Journal of Economic Psychology 27 (2006), S. 140–164.
M. R. Lepper und D. Greene (Hg.): The Hidden Costs of Reward: New Perspectives of the Psychology of Human Motivation (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).
R. G. Fryer Jr.: »Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials« (Arbeitspapier Harvard University, EdLabs und NBER, 8. Juli 2010), http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/fryer/ files/Incentives_ALL_7-8-10.pdf; siehe auch A. Ripley: »Should Kids Be Bribed to Do Well in School?«, Time, 8. April 2010.
Stephenie Meyer: New Moon (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2006), S. 52.
Walter Mischel: »Preference for a Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study of a Cultural Observation«, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56 (1958), S. 57–61.
M. R. Gottfredson und T. Hirschi: A General Theory of Crime (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).
Joan McCord: »Some Child-Rearing Antecedents of Criminal Behavior in Adult Men«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (1979), S. 1477–1486.
Siehe A. Lac und W. D. Crano: »Monitoring Matters: Meta-Analytic Review Reveals Reliable Linkage of Parental Monitoring with Adolescent Marijuana Use«, Perspectives on Psychological Science 4 (2009), S. 578– 586.
A. Diamond, W. S. Barnett, J. Thomas und S. Munro: »Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control«, Science 318 (2007), S. 1387–1388.
J. McGonigal: Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011) und The Gamification Encyclopedia, http://gamification.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.
Kapitel 10
Oprah Winfrey: »How Did I Let This Happen Again?«, O, The Oprah Magazine, Januar 2009, sowie Bob Greene: The Best Life Diet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).
John Tierney: »Fat and Happy«, New York Times, 23. April 2005.
A. W. Crescioni, J. Ehrlinger, J. L. Alquist, K. E. Conlon, R. F. Baumeister, C. Schatschneider und G. R. Dutton: »High Trait Self-Control Predicts Positive Health Behaviors and Success in Weight Loss«, Journal of Health Psychology (im Druck).
G. Taubes: Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), S. 298–299; G. Kolata, »For the Overweight, Bad Advice by the Spoonful«, New York Times, 30. August 2007.
T. Mann, A. J. Tomiyama, E. Westling, A.-M. Lew, B. Samuels und J. Chatman: »Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer«, American Psychologist 62 (2007), S. 220–233; G. Kolata: Rethinking Thin: The New Science of Weight Loss—and the Myths and Realities of Dieting (New York: Picador, 2007).
N. Burger und J. Lynham: »Betting on Weight Loss ... and Losing: Personal Gambles as Commitment Mechanisms«, Applied Economics Letters 17 (2010), S. 12, 1161–1166, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840902845442.
C. Ayyad und T. Andersen: »Long-Term Efficacy of Dietary Treatment of Obesity: A Systematic Review of Studies Published between 1931 and 1999«, Obesity Reviews 1 (2000), S. 113–119.
C. P. Herman und D. Mack: »Restrained and Unrestrained Eating«, Journal of Personality 43 (1975), S. 647–660.
J. Polivy: »Perception of Calories and Regulation of Intake in Restrained and Unrestrained Subjects«, Addictive Behaviors 1 (1976), S. 237–243.
S. Schachter: »Some Extraordinary Facts about Obese Humans and Rats«, American Psychologist 26 (1971), S. 129–144. Siehe auch S. Schachter und J. Rodin, Obese Humans and Rats (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1974).
K. D. Vohs und T. F. Heatherton: »Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach«, Psychological Science 11 (2000), S. 249–254.
J. E. Painter, B. Wansink und J. B. Hieggelke: »How Visibility and Convenience Influence Candy Consumption«, Appetite 38/3 (Juni 2002), S. 237–238.
P. M. Gollwitzer: »Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans«, American Psychologist 54 (1999), S. 493–503.
N. Christakis und J. Fowler: »The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years«, New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007), S. 370-379.
S. Heshka, J. W. Anderson, R. L. Atkinson u.a.: »Weight Loss with Self-Help Compared with a Structured Commercial Program: A Randomized Trial«, Journal of the American Medical Association 289/14 (2003), S. 1792–1798, http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/14/1792.
R. R. Wing, D. F. Tate, A. A. Gorin, H. A. Raynor, J. L. Fava und J. Machan: »›STOP Regain‹: Are There Negative Effects of Daily Weighing?«. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (2007), S. 652–656.
B. Wansink: Essen ohne Sinn und Verstand (Frankfurt /New York: Campus, 2008).
J. F. Hollis, C. M. Gullion, V. J. Stevens u.a.: »Weight Loss during the Intensive Intervention Phase of the Weight-Loss Maintenance Trial«, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35/2 (2008), S. 118–126.
P. Chandon und B. Wansink: »The Biasing Health Halos of Fast Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions«, Journal of Consumer Research 34/3 (Oktober 2007), S. 301–314; B. Wansink and P. Chandon: »Can ›Low-Fat‹ Nutrition Labels Lead to Obesity?«, Journal of Marketing Research 43/4 (November 2006), S. 605–617.
A. Chernev: »The Dieter’s Paradox«, Journal of Consumer Psychology (Publikation in Vorbereitung). Informelle Untersuchung in Park Slope siehe Tierney »Health Halo Can Hide the Calories«, New York Times, 1. Dezember 2008.
Siehe B. Wansink: Essen ohne Sinn und Verstand.
C. P. Herman, D. A. Roth und J. Polivy: »Effects of the Presence of Others on Food Intake: A Normative Interpretation«, Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003), S. 873–886.
Siehe B. Wansink: Essen ohne Sinn und Verstand.
P. Chandon und N. Ordabayeva: »Supersize in 1D, Downsize in 3D: Effects of Spatial Dimensionality on Size Perceptions and Preferences«, Journal of Marketing Research (im Druck). Siehe auch J. Tierney, »How Supersizing Seduces«, New York Times, 5. Dezember 2008.
N. L. Mead und V. M. Patrick: »In Praise of Putting Things Off: How Postponing Consumption Pleasures Facilitates Self-Control« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Ausblick
Augustinus: Bekenntnisse, Buch 7.
D. De Ridder, G. Lensvelt-Mulders, C. Finkenauer, F. M. Stok und R. F. Baumeister: »Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Self-Control Affects a Wide Range of Behaviors« (Publikation in Vorbereitung).
Cicero: »The Sixth Phillipic«, The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero, trans. C. D. Yonge (London: George Bell & Sons, 1879), S. 119.
Jonathan Edwards: »Procrastination; or, The Sin and Folly of Depending on Future Time«, The Works of President Edwards, Bd. 5 (James Black & Son, 1817), S. 511.
Piers Steel: Der Zauderberg (Köln: Lübbe, 2011).
P. Steel: »The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure«, Psychological Bulletin 133/1 (Januar 2007), S. 67.
D. M. Tice und R. F. Baumeister: »Longitudinal Study of Procrastination, Performance, Stress, and Health: The Costs and Benefits of Dawdling«, Psychological Science 8 (1997), S. 454–458.
C. N. Parkinson: Parkinson’s Law, or the Pursuit of Progress (John Murray, 1957), S. 4.
R. Buehler, D. Griffin und M. Ross: »Exploring the ›Planning Fallacy‹: Why People Underestimate Their Task Completion Times«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994), S. 366–381.
James Thurber: The Years with Ross (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), S. 19.
Robert Benchley: »How to Get Things Done«, The Benchley Roundup (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), S. 5.
T. Hiney und F. MacShane (Hg.): The Raymond Chandler Papers: Selected Letters and Nonfiction, 1909–1959 (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002), S. 104.
Mint: http://www.mint.com; Xpenser: http://xpenser.com; TweetWhat YouSpend: http://www.tweetwhatyouspend.com.
RescueTime: http://www.rescuetime.com; Slife: http://www.slifeweb.com; ManicTime: http://www.manictime.com.
J. H. Ausubel und A. Grübler: »Working Less and Living Longer: Long-Term Trends in Working Times and Time Budgets«, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 50 (1995), S. 113–131. Siehe auch G. Zauberman und J. G. Lynch Jr.: »Resource Slack and Propensity to Discount Delayed Investments of Time Versus Money«, Journal of Experimental Psychology 134/1 (2005), S. 23–37.
S. B. Shu and A. Gneezy: »Procrastination of Enjoyable Experiences«, Journal of Marketing Research (2010).
M. Gailliot, R. Baumeister, C. N. DeWall, J. Maner, E. Plant, D. Tice, L. Brewer und B. Schmeichel: »Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor«, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007), S. 325–336. Siehe auch C. N. DeWall, R. Baumeister, M. Gailliot, und J. Maner: »Depletion makes the heart grow less helpful: Helping as a function of self-regulatory energy and genetic relatedness«, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008), S. 1663–1676.