Reference Notes
Part One: The Age of the Goddess
Introduction: Myth and Ritual: East and West
[Note 1] Kena Upaniṣad 2.3.
[Note 2] Tao Teh Ching 56.
[Note 3] Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.8.7.
[Note 4] Mumon, The Gateless Gate, translated by Nyogen Senzaki and Paul Reps, Zen Flesh, Zen Bones (New York: A Doubleday Anchor Book, 1961), p. 109.
[Note 5] Prajñāpāramitā-hṛdāya Sūtra.
[Note 6] Job 40:4.
Chapter 1: The Serpent’s Bride
[Note 1] William Hayes Ward, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia (Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1910), p. 10. 129, citing Léon Heuzey, Catalogue des antiquités chaldéennes (Paris: Imprimeries réunies, 1902) , p. 281, Fig. 125.
[Note 2] Stephen Herbert Langdon, Semitic Mythology, The Mythology of All Races, Vol. V (Boston: Marshall 11 Jones Company, 1931), p. 177, citing J. de Morgan, Délégation en Perse. Mémoires (Paris: E. 12. Leroux, 1911), Vol. XII, p. 173, 13. Fig. 288.
[Note 3] Henri Frankfort, “Sargonid Seals,” Iraq, Vol. I, Part I (1934), p. 11, Fig. 2.
[Note 4] Ward, op. cit., p. 275.
[Note 5] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 15–21.
[Note 6] Ward, op. cit., p. 276.
[Note 7] Ibid., p. 139, citing Joachim Ménant, Recherches sur la glyptique orientate (Paris: Maisonneure & Cie, 1883–86), Part I, p. 191, Fig. 121
[Note 8] Ward, op. cit., p. 138; also Ménant, op. cit., p. 189, Fig. 120.
[Note 9] The Fall theory was advanced by 19. George Smith, The Chaldean Account of Genesis (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, & Co., 1876), and Langdon, op. cit., p. 179; rejected, however, by Ménant, op. cit., pp. 189–91, and Ward, op. cit., pp. 138–39.
[Note 10] Jane Ellen Harrison, Themis (Cambridge: The University Press, 2nd revised edition, 1927), p. 286; from Johannes A. Over- beck, Atlas der griechischen Mythologie (Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1872), Vol. I, Plate XVI, 2.
[Note 11] Hesiod, Theogony 973–74; as cited to this figure by Jane Ellen Harrison, op. cit., p. 286.
[Note 12] Jataka 1.74.26.
[Note 13] Mahā-vagga 1.3.1–3.
[Note 14] Genesis 3:22–24. I am quoting throughout the Revised Standard Version of the Bible.
[Note 15] Jane Ellen Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903; 3rd edition, 1922), p. 7.
[Note 16] Ibid., p. 19; citing Berlin Museum, Beschreibung der Antiken Skulpturen.
[Note 17] Ibid., p. 18.
[Note 18] Ibid., pp. 14–15, citing Lucian, Icaro-Menippos 24, scholiast ad loc.
[Note 19] Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough (New York: The Macmillan Company, one-volume edition, 1922), p. 1.
[Note 20] Aelian, De natura animalium XI. 2; following Harrison, Themis, p. 429.
[Note 21] Harrison, Themis, p. 431, Fig. 130.
[Note 22] Hesiod, Theogony 215.
[Note 23] Job 41:1–8. Compare Psalm 74: 13–14.
[Note 24] Hesiod, Theogony 823–880, abridged. Fig. 10 is from an early red-figured vase painting in the Munich Museum (c. 650 b.c.), in A. Furtwängler and K. Reichold, Griechische Vasenmalerei (Munich: F. Bruckmann, 1900-1932), No. 32.
[Note 25] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 182–84.
[Note 26] Ibid., pp. 184–89.
[Note 27] Harrison, Themis, p. 459.
[Note 28] Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.324–31.
[Note 29] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 101.
[Note 30] From an early red-figured vase painting in Former National Museum, Berlin. Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 633, Fig. 168, citing Furtwängler and Reichold, op. cit.
[Note 31] Exodus 4:2–4.
[Note 32] Exodus 17:1–7.
[Note 33] Numbers 21:5–9.
[Note 34] II Kings 18:4.
[Note 35] Theophile James Meek, Hebrew Origins (New York: Harper Torchbook edition, 1960), p. 123.
[Note 36] Leo Frobenius, Monumenta Terrarum: Der Geist über den Erdteilen, Erlebte Erdteile, Ed. 7 (Frankfurt-am-Main: Forschungsinstitut für Kulturmorphologie, 2. Auflage, 1929), pp. 213–14.
[Note 37] Leo Frobenius, Kulturgeschichte Africas (Zurich: Phaidon-Verlag, 1933), pp. 103–104.
[Note 38] R. A. S. Macalister, Ancient Ireland (London: Methuen and Company, 1935), pp. 13–14.
[Note 39] R. A. S. Macalister, The Archaeology of Ireland (London: Methuen and Company, 2nd revised ed., 1949), p. 9.
[Note 40] Ibid., p. 15.
[Note 41] Macalister, Ancient Ireland, p. 131.
[Note 42] The Book of Leinster 54a, 11–18; following Standish Hayes O’Grady, in Eleanor Hull (ed.), The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature (London: David Nutt, 1898), pp. 111–13; and H. Zimmer, “Die kulturgeschichtliche Hintergrund in den Erzählungen der alten irischen Heldensage,” Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Classe, IX (1911), pp. 213–214.
[Note 43] Zimmer, op. cit., p. 217, citing Ancient Laws of Wales 1.92.12.
[Note 44] Ibid., pp. 215–16.
[Note 45] Ibid., p. 218.
[Note 46] The Book of Leinster 54b; following Standish H. O’Grady, Silva Gadelica (London: Williams and Norgate, 1892), vol. 2, pp. 114–116, and Zimmer, op. cit., pp. 178–79.
[Note 47] W. B. Yeats, Irish Fairy and Folk Tales (New York: The Modem Library, no date), pp. 1–3.
Chapter 2: The Consort of the Bull
[Note 1] Apuleius, The Golden Ass, translated by W. Adlington, Book XL; cited in The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 56.
[Note 2] For Kṛṣṇa and the Gopis, see The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 343–64.
[Note 3] The Gospel of Sri RamaKṛṣṇa, translation by Swami Nikhilananda (New York: RamaKṛṣṇa-Vivekananda Center, 1942), p. 371.
[Note 4] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 313–34.
[Note 5] Aspirations from the Litany of Loreto (15th century; sanctioned 1587).
[Note 6] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 155–72. Fig. 12 is from Sir Arthur John Evans, British School at Athens, Annual, Vol. VII (1900-1901), p. 29, Fig. 9.
[Note 7] Frazer, op. cit., p. 280. See also Bedřich Hrozný, Ancient History of Western Asia, India, and Crete (New York: Philosophical Library, 1953), p. 198, note 1, and The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 427–28.
[Note 8] Sir Arthur John Evans, The Palace of Minos (London: Macmillan and Company, Vol. I, 1921, to Vol. IV, Part II, 1935). Quotations and figures from The Palace of Minos are reproduced by permission of Mr. Wakeman-Long of Williams and James, Solicitors, Gray’s Inn, London, Miss Susan Minet, and Mrs. Anne Ridler, Trustees of the copyright of the work.
[Note 9] Ibid., Vol. II, Part I, p. 277.
[Note 10] Martin P. Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen Religion, 2 Vols. (Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2nd ed., 1955 and 1961).
[Note 11] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 298.
[Note 12] Michael Ventris, “Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. LXXIII (1953), pp. 84 ff.
[Note 13] Leonard R. Palmer, Mycenaeans and Minoans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), p.. 127, citing Paul Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1896).
[Note 14] Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 128.
[Note 15] Palmer, op. cit., pp. 123–24.
[Note 16] Ibid., pp. 82, 94.
[Note 17] Odyssey VI. 290; cited in this connection by Palmer, op. cit., p. 95.
[Note 18] National Museum, Athens.
[Note 19] Palmer, op. cit., pp. 124–25.
[Note 20] Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 555.
[Note 21] Palmer, op. cit., p. 124, and Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. 273, 555, 562 f., 609.
[Note 22] Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 273, citing O. Rubensohn, Mittheilungen des Kaiserlichen Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung, Vol. XXIV (1899), Plate VII. From Former National Museum, Berlin.
[Note 23] Ibid., pp. 272–73.
[Note 24] Gorgias 497c.
[Note 25] Evans, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 145- 55, with parenthetical passage on the Sacral Ivy from Vol. II, Part II, pp. 482–83. See also Evans, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XLIV (1925), p. 65, Fig. 55.
[Note 26] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 107–108, citing Samuel Noah Kramer, From the Tablets of Sumer (Indian Hills, Colo.: The Falcon’s Wing Press, 1956), pp. 172–73, and Langdon, op. cit, pp. 194–95.
[Note 27] Odyssey IV. 563, from the S. H. Butcher and Andrew Lang translation; as cited by Evans, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 155–56.
[Note 28] Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 845.
[Note 29] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 406–407.
[Note 30] Robert H. Dyson, Jr., “Art of the Twin Rivers,” Natural History, Vol. LXXI, No. 6, June–July 1962, p. 39.
[Note 31] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 108 and 111.
[Note 32] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 85.
[Note 33] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, passim.
[Note 34] Isaiah 11:6–9.
[Note 35] Euripides, Bacchae 1017; trans., Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 433.
[Note 36] Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Cambridge: The University Press, 1956), p. 127.
[Note 37] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 51–91.
[Note 38] Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 297 and 277, note 1.
[Note 39] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 303.
[Note 40] Evans, op. cit., Vol. II, Part I, p. 279.
[Note 41] James Mellaart, “Hacilar: A Neolithic Village Site,” Scientific American, Vol. 205, No. 2, August 1961.
[Note 42] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 142–43.
[Note 43] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 37–41.
[Note 44] M. Untersteiner, La fisiologia del mito (Milan: Fratelli Bocca, 1946); Giovanni Patroni, Commentari mediterranei all’Odissea di Omero (Milan: C. Marzorati, 1950).
[Note 45] Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 257.
[Note 46] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 155–240.
[Note 47] R. J. C. Atkinson, Stonehenge (Harmondsworth and Baltimore: Pelican Books, 1960), pp. 148–50.
[Note 48] Ibid., pp. 151–53.
[Note 49] Macalister, The Archaeology of Ireland, p. 16.
[Note 50] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 295.
[Note 51] Atkinson, op. cit., pp. 154–56 and 172.
[Note 52] Ibid., pp. 68, 101, 171–72.
[Note 53] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 462–63.
[Note 54] Atkinson, op. cit., p. 157.
[Note 55] Ibid., pp. 157–58, 173–74.
[Note 56] Ibid., p. 176.
[Note 57] Ibid., pp. 101, 158.
[Note 58] Ibid., pp. 161–65.
[Note 59] Ibid., pp. 68–69, 77–85, 88–92, 101, 165–67, 176–79.
[Note 60] Ibid., pp. 165–67.
[Note 61] Palmer, op. cit., pp. 229–47.
[Note 62] Marija Gimbutas, “Culture Change in Europe at the Start of the Second Millennium b.c.: A Contribution to the Indo-European Problem,” Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Philadelphia, 1956 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1960), p. 544, Item 19.
[Note 63] Fig. 19 is from Evans, in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XXI (1901), p. 108, Fig. 4.
[Note 64] Leonard William King, Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings (London: Luzac and Co., 1907), Vol. II, pp. 87–91.
[Note 65] Otto Rank, Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden (Leipzig and Vienha: Franz Deuticke Verlag, 2nd enlarged edition, 1922).
[Note 66] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 58–83.
[Note 67] Robert F. Harper, The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904); Bruno Meissner, Babylon und Assyrian, II (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1920–1925), p. 46; O. E. Ravn, Acta orientalia, VII (1929), pp. 81–90: Alexander Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1951), p. 14.
[Note 68] Tao Teh Ching 6; translation, Arthur Waley, The Way and Its Power (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1934), p. 149; quoted in The Masks of Gods: Oriental Mythology, p. 425.
[Note 69] Enûma elish, Tablets I to VI. 57, abridged; following various readings: Alexander Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1951), pp. 18–48; E. A. Speiser, in James B. Pritchard, The Ancient Near East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958) , pp. 31–38; L. W. King, Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., and New York: Henry Frowde, 1899), pp. 61–80.
[Note 70] Heidel, op. cit., p. 130.
[Note 71] Thorkild Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), pp. 77-85.
[Note 72] William Foxwell Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1957), p. 196.
[Note 73] Ecclesiastes 5:18; 8:15; 9:8–9.
[Note 74] Heidel, op. cit.; Speiser, op. cit.; King, op. cit.
Part Two: The Age of Heroes
Chapter 3: Gods and Heroes of the Levant: 1500-500 b.c.
[Note 1] Wilhelm M. L. de Wette, Beiträge zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (1806), translated by Theodore Parker, A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Canonical Scriptures of the Old Testament (Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown, 1843, 2nd ed., 1858).
[Note 2] Following Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums (Stuttgart-Berlin: J. G. Cotta’sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, 2–5. Aufl. 1925–1937), Vol. II, Part 2, pp. 188–90.
[Note 3] II Kings, 22:3–11.
[Note 4] II Kings 22:3–23:25.
[Note 5] II Kings 23:32, 37; 24:9, 19.
[Note 6] II Kings 25:8–11.
[Note 7] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 107–11.
[Note 8] Genesis 2:4–4:16.
[Note 9] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 151–225.
[Note 10] S. N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1944), pp. 102.
[Note 11] Kena Upaniṣad 1.3.
[Note 12] Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 4.20.
[Note 13] Kena Upaniṣad 2.5.
[Note 14] Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6.12.
[Note 15] Tao Teh Ching 25; 35; 37. Translation, Arthur Waley, The Way and Its Power (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1954), pp. 174, 186, 188.
[Note 16] From R. H. Blyth, Haiku, Vol. 1 (Kamakura: Kamakura Bunko, 1949), p. 203.
[Note 17] Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 1.4.10.
[Note 18] Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 4.4.
[Note 19] Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 1.4.7.
[Note 20] Blyth, op. cit., p. 197.
[Note 21] Swami Nikhilananda, The Gospel of Sri RamaKṛṣṇa (New York: RamaKṛṣṇa-Vivekananda Center, 1942), p. 627.
[Note 22] Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk Literature (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Studies, 1932), Motifs C 600-649.
[Note 23] For example, Washington Matthews, Navaho Legends, Memoirs of the American Folklore Society, Vol. V (New York: G. E. Stechert and Co., 1897), pp. 107 ff.
[Note 24] Gerald Vann, O.P., The Paradise Tree (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1959), p. 66.
[Note 25] Roman Catholic Missal, Holy Saturday, Blessing of the Paschal Candle; edition of Dom Gaspar Lefebure, Daily Missal (St. Paul: E. M. Lohmann, Co., 1934), p. 831.
[Note 26] Genesis 1:1–2:4a.
[Note 27] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 83–91.
[Note 28] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 86.
[Note 29] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 121–30.
[Note 30] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 105–107.
[Note 31] Dr. J.H. Hertz, The Pentateuch and Haftorahs (London: Soncino Press, 5721 [1961]), pp. 196 & 200.
[Note 32] Genesis 12:1–4a.
[Note 33] A Dictionary of the Holy Bible (New York: American Tract Society, 1859), article, “Abraham,” p. 10.
[Note 34] Genesis 11:27–32.
[Note 35] Alexander Scharff and Anton Moortgat, Ägypten und Vorderasien im Altertum (Munich: Verlag F. Bruckmann, 1950), pp. 269–71.
[Note 36] Ibid., pp. 281–82.
[Note 37] Hertz, op. cit., p. 200.
[Note 38] Gudea Cylinder A, following Scharff and Moortgat, op. cit., pp. 275–79, abridged.
[Note 39] Scharff and Moortgat, op. cit., p. 285.
[Note 40] See, for example, James Henry Breasted, The Conquest of Civilization (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1926), p. 145.
[Note 41] Meek, op. cit., p. 14.
[Note 42] Ibid., pp. 15–16.
[Note 43] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 391–96.
[Note 44] Kathleen M. Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy Land (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1960),p. 194.
[Note 45] Genesis 12:10-13:1.
[Note 46] Genesis 20.
[Note 47] Genesis 26:1–17.
[Note 48] Kenyon, op. cit., p. 221; Scharff and Moortgat, op. cit., p. 385.
[Note 49] Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism, translated by Katherine Jones (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939), p. 109. Copyright, 1939 by Sigmund Freud. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. See also Moses and Monotheism in The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, revised and edited by James Strachey (London: The Hogarth Press, 1953– ), Vol. XXIV.
[Note 50] Ibid., p. 51.
[Note 51] Eduard Meyer, Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme (Halle: M. Niemeyer, 1906), p. 47; cited by Freud, op. cit., p. 51.
[Note 52] Freud, op. cit., p. 3.
[Note 53] I owe this observation to Mr. Edwin M. Wright, of Washington, D. C., to whose unpublished paper, The “Image” of Moses, the present discussion is greatly indebted.
[Note 54] Exodus 2:1–4.
[Note 55] Freud, op. cit., p. 15.
[Note 56] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. II, Part 2, p. 208.
[Note 57] Exodus 2:5–10.
[Note 58] Apollonios Rhodios 4. 1091; from Karl Kerényi, The Heroes of the Greeks, translated by H. J. Rose (New York: Grove Press, 1960), pp. 46–47 and 54.
[Note 59] Exodus 2:11–22.
[Note 60] Meek, op. cit., pp. 108–109.
[Note 61] Freud, op. cit., pp. 39–40.
[Note 62] See discussion of views in Meek, op. cit., pp. 7 ff. and 18 ff.
[Note 63] Josephus’ theory. See Meek, op. cit., p. 18.
[Note 64] Janies W. Jack, The Date of the Exodus in the Light of External Evidence (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1925).
[Note 65] Thomas Mann, Joseph in Egypt (1936).
[Note 66] Freud, op. cit.
[Note 67] William Foxwell Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1957), p. 13.
[Note 68] Scharff and Moortgat, op. cit., p. 165.
[Note 69] Meek, op. cit., p. 35.
Chapter 4: Gods and Heroes of the European West: 1500-500 b.c.
[Note 1] N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 b.c. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1959), pp. 36–37
[Note 2] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 150-55.
[Note 3] Leo Frobenius, Shicksalskunde im Sinne des Kulturwerdens (Leipzig: R. Voigtlanders Verlag, 1932), p. 99.
[Note 4] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 170-225.
[Note 5] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 155.
[Note 6] Palmer, op. cit., p. 120; Ham- with references; also Graves, op. mond, op. cit., p. 74. cit., Vol. I, pp. 237–45.
[Note 7] Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 347. Figs. 20 and 21 are from statuettes in the Heraklion Museum, first reproduced by Evans.
[Note 8] K. Kerényi, The Gods of the Greeks, pp. 119–20, citing Hesiod, Pindar, Euripides, Homeric Hymn 28, Apollodorus Mythographus, and Chrysippus Stoicus.
[Note 9] Hammond, op. cit., p. 60.
[Note 10] Robert Graves, The Greek Myths (Harmondsworth and Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1955), Vol. I, pp. 17 and 244.
[Note 11] Hammond, op. cit., p. 39.
[Note 12] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 190-97.
[Note 13] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 170-202, 441–51.
[Note 14] Ibid., pp. 445 ff.
[Note 15] Palmer, op. cit., pp. 130-31.
[Note 16] Graves, loc. cit.
[Note 17] Frazer, op. cit., p. 5.
[Note 18] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 161.
[Note 19] Aeschylus, Fragment 261; as cited by Kerényi, The Heroes of the Greeks, p. 51.
[Note 20] Kerényi, The Gods of the Greeks, pp. 48–49, with references; The Heroes of the Greeks, pp. 46–54,
[Note 21] Sigmund Freud, A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (New York: Garden City Publishing Company, 1935), p. 125.
[Note 22] Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 292.
[Note 23] Ibid., p. 298.
[Note 24] Carl G. June, Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, 1928), pp. 188–89.
[Note 25] Ibid., p. 52.
[Note 26] Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 294. Fig. 22, from a Greco-Etruscan black-figured vase in the Louvre, was first discussed by Harrison in Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. VII (1886), p. 203.
[Note 27] Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 25–26.
[Note 28] Gilbert Murray, The Rise of the Greek Epic (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 3rd ed. revised and enlarged, 1924), p. 211.
[Note 29] Ibid., pp. 211–12.
[Note 30] All my quotations from the Odyssey are from the translation of S. H. Butcher and A. Lang (London: Macmillan and Company, first edition, 1879).
[Note 31] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 183–90.
[Note 32] Sophocles, Fragment 837; A. C. Pearson, The Fragments of Sophocles (Cambridge: The University Press, 1917), Vol. III, p. 52; probably from his lost tragedy, Triptolemus.
[Note 33] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology pp. 197–206, especially pp. 201–202, citing Chāndogya Upaniṣad 5.3–10.
[Note 34] Ibid., pp. 204–205, citing Kena Upaniṣad, 3.1 to 4.1.
[Note 35] Ibid., pp. 211–40.
[Note 36] Karl Kerényi, “Vater Helios,” Eranos-Jahrbuch 1943 (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, 1944), p. 83.
[Note 37] Thucydides, Peloponnesian War II. 37–40, abridged. Translation by Benjamin Jowett.
[Note 38] H. D. F. Kitto, The Greeks (Harmondsworth and Baltimore: Penguin Books, revised, 1957), p. 11.
[Note 39] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 218–40, 249–52, 256-257; also Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, edited by Joseph Campbell, The Bollingen Series XXVI (New York: Pantheon Books, 1951), pp. 181 ff.
[Note 40] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 101.
[Note 41] Euripides, Fragment 475, transl. Gilbert Murray, in Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 479.
[Note 42] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 137–44, 211–18.
[Note 43] Karl Kerényi, “Die orphische Kosmologie und der Ursprung der Orphik.” Eranos-Jahrbuch 1949 (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, 1950), pp. 53–78.
[Note 44] Aristotle, Metaphysics A. 986a.
Part Three: The Age of the Great Classics
Chapter 5: The Persian Period: 539–331 b.c.
[Note 1] L. H. Mills, The Zend Avesta, Part III, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXXI (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1887), pp. xxxiii–xxxvii.
[Note 2] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, p. 97.
[Note 3] Hans Heinrich Schaeder, Der Mensch in Orient und Okzident (Munich: R. Piper and Co., 1960), p. 103.
[Note 4] E.g. in Yasna 28:8; 46:14; 51:16 and 19; 53:2.
[Note 5] Ernst Herzfeld, Zoroaster and His World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947), Vol. I, pp. 1–30; A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books, 1948, 1959), p. 94; R. C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons; London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1961) , pp. 33–36.
[Note 6] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, p. 110, n. 3.
[Note 7] Ibid., p. 97, n. 2.
[Note 8] Ibid.
[Note 9] Vedāntasāra 30.
[Note 10] Yasna 45:2–3; following, largely, L. H. Mills, op. cit. pp. 125–26.
[Note 11] Yasna 28:3; Mills, op. cit., p. 18.
[Note 12] Yasna 30:2; Mills, op. cit., p. 29.
[Note 13] Yasna 48:4; Mills, op. cit., p. 155.
[Note 14] Artā-ī-Vīrāf Nāmak IV, 7–33; following Martin Haug, Destur Hoshangji Jamaspji Asa, and E. W. West, The Book of Arda Viraf (London: Trübner and Co.; Bombay: Government Central Book Depot, 1872), pp. 154–55.
[Note 15] From ibid., abridged and summarized.
[Note 16] E. W. West, Pahlavi Texts, Part I: The Bundahish, Bahman Yasht, and Shahyast La-shahyast; Sacred Books of the East, Vol. V (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1880), pp. xlii, xliii.
[Note 17] James Darmesteter, The Zend A vesta, Part I: The Vendidad; Sacred Books of the East, Vol. IV (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1880), p. xii.
[Note 18] Yasna 30:3, 9; Mills, op. cit., pp. 29, 33–34.
[Note 19] Bundahish I-XV, abridged and with brief additions from XXIV, XXVII, and Zat-sparam II.6; V.l-2; VII.3–6; VIII.3–5; IX. 2-6; and X.3–4 (West, op. cit., pp. 3–58; 88; 99; 161–62; 167; 174; 176–77; 177–79; and 183).
[Note 20] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 174 ff.
[Note 21] Joseph Klausner, The Messianic Idea in Israel, transl. by W. F. Stinespring (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1956), p. 59.
[Note 22] Ibid., pp. 65–66.
[Note 23] Ibid., p. 10.
[Note 24] Ibid., pp. 56–57 and note 8.
[Note 25] Yasht 19.2.11. James Darmesteter, The Zend-Avesta, Part II, The Sirozahs, Yashts and Nyayis; Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXIII (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1883), p. 290.
[Note 26] Yasht 19.13.79–80. Darmesteter, The Zend-Avesta, Part II, pp. 304–305.
[Note 27] Yasht 13.93.
[Note 28] Vendidad, Fargard 19.1–2 (Darmesteter I, p. 204).
[Note 29] Yasht 5.7–15 (Darmesteter n, pp. 55–57).
[Note 30] Bundahish 32.8–9.
[Note 31] Yasht 13.141–42.
[Note 32] Bundahish 30.1–3.
[Note 33] Bundahish 30.4–33 abridged (West, op. cit., pp. 121–30).
[Note 34] Joshua 6:21.
[Note 35] Joshua 8:24.
[Note 36] Joshua 10:6–11:20.
[Note 37] Judges 1:27 ff.
[Note 38] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, pp. 6–8.
[Note 39] Ibid., pp. 11–12.
[Note 40] Amos 6:1–2.
[Note 41] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, p. 161.
[Note 42] Jeremiah 25:8–9.
[Note 43] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, p. 188.
[Note 44] Ezra 1:7–11.
[Note 45] Isaiah 45:1.
[Note 46] Isaiah 45:2–7.
[Note 47] G. Buchanan Gray, “The Foundation and Extension of the Persian Empire,” in J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. IV (Cambridge: The University Press, 1939), Chapter I, p. 13, note 1; and fox an extended study of Nabonidus’s heresy, Sidney Smith, Babylonian Historical Texts (London: Methuen and Company, 1924), pp. 27–123.
[Note 48] Cyrus Cylinder, lines 6–36, in part; following F. H. Weissbach, Die Keilinschriften der Achameniden (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrich, 1911), pp. 2–7.
[Note 49] Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, Vol. III, pp. 187–97.
[Note 50] Inscription of Behistun; the Great Inscription, paragraphs 1–15; Weissbach, op. cit., pp. 9–21.
[Note 51] Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Vol. II (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1930), p. 285; translation from Charles Francis Atkinson, Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West (London: Allen & Unwin, Ltd.; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937), Vol. II, p. 235. Copyright, 1926, 1928 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Renewed. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and Allen & Unwin, Ltd.
[Note 52] Isaiah 10:20-23.
[Note 53] Ezra 1:2–4.
[Note 54] Ezra 2:64–65.
[Note 55] Nehemiah 1:11.
[Note 56] Nehemiah 2:11–17.
[Note 57] Ezra 9:1–3.
[Note 58] Ezra 10:1–17, 44.
[Note 59] Plato, Symposium 196c; Jowett translation.
[Note 60] Warner Fite, The Platonic Legend (New York and London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934), p. 153.
[Note 61] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 93–116.
[Note 62] Heinrich Zimmer, The Art of Indian Asia, completed and edited by Joseph Campbell, Bollingen Series XXXIX, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1955), Vol. I, p. 131.
[Note 63] Juvenal 6.324, as cited by Karl Kerényi, The Religion of the Greeks and Romans (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1962), p. 30.
[Note 64] Symposium 201d; translation by Michael Joyce, reprinted in Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Bollingen Series LXXI (New York: Pantheon Books, 1961), p. 553.
[Note 65] Symposium 210a-212a; translation by Michael Joyce, loc. cit.
[Note 66] Spengler, op. cit. Vol. I, 229–30 (English, Vol. I, pp. 176–77.)
[Note 67] Theogony 120-22; from the translation by Richmond Lattimore, Hesiod (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1961).
[Note 68] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 170–71.
[Note 69] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 81–83.
[Note 70] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology; see index, under “sacrifice, human,” and “suttee.”
Chapter 6: Hellenism: 331 b.c.-324 a.d.
[Note 1] Maximus of Tyre, Dissertation XXXVIII; translation from Gilbert Murray, Five Stages of Greek Religion (Garden City: Doubleday Anchor Books, no date), pp. 74–75, note 44; also in Thomas Taylor, The Dissertations of Maximus Tyrius (London: C. Whittingham, 1804), Vol. II, pp. 196–98.
[Note 2] Gilbert Murray, Aeschylus (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1940), p. 129.
[Note 3] Aeschylus, The Persians, lines 808–15 (translation, Gilbert Murray, Aeschylus, pp. 119–20.
[Note 4] Following Hammond, op. cit., pp. 212–44.
[Note 5] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 418 ff.
[Note 6] Alexander Pope, “The Universal Prayer,” Stanzas 1, 7, 13.
[Note 7] Hermann Diels, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Berlin: Weidmann, 4th ed., 1922), Fragments 23, 24, 26, 14, 16, 11, 15.
[Note 8] Cited by Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks, p. 61P; as cited by F. M. Cornford, Greek Religious Thought (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1923), p. 237.
[Note 9] Aristotle, Metaphysics A. 986 b. 21.
[Note 10] H. Ritter and L. Preller, Historia Philosophiae Graecae (Gotha: F. R. Perthes, 1888) p. 83; Xenophanes, Fragment 90B.
[Note 11] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 422–29.
[Note 12] Matthew 19:21.
[Note 13] Matthew Arnold, “An Essay on Marcus Aurelius,” Essays in Criticism: First Series (London and Cambridge: Macmillan and Co.; Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1st ed., 1865), p. 262.
[Note 14] Marcus Aurelius, translation by George Long (London: G. Routledge and Sons, 1862), Chapter IV, Paragraph 4.
[Note 15] Ibid., Chapter VII, Paragraph 55.
[Note 16] Ibid., Chapter VIII, Paragraph 59.
[Note 17] Ibid., Chapter V, Paragraph 6, in part.
[Note 18] Matthew 6:1–4.
[Note 19] Arnold, loc. cit.
[Note 20] Murray, The Five Stages of Greek Religion, Chapter IV.
[Note 21] W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilization, revised by the author and G. T. Griffith (New York: Meridian Books, 1961), pp. 296–98.
[Note 22] Ibid., pp. 302–305.
[Note 23] Ibid., pp. 305–306.
[Note 24] See, for example, Joseph Needham’s numerous comparisons of Greek and Chinese science in Joseph Needham and Wang Ling, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. II (Cambridge: The University Press, 1956), pp. 216–345.
[Note 25] Arrian, The Discourses of Epictetus, iii.22.45–46; translation, Hastings Crossley, The Golden Sayings of Epictetus (London: Macmillan and Co., 1925), pp. 100–101.
[Note 26] Marcus Aurelius, Chapter XII, Paragraph 32; translation, George Long, The Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1919), pp. 215–16.
[Note 27] Tarn, op. cit., p. 330.
[Note 28] Seneca, On Providence II. 4.
[Note 29] Seneca, Consolation of Helvia VIII. 5.
[Note 30] Arrian, Discourses iii.20.12.
[Note 31] Ibid., i.16.15–18.
[Note 32] Ibid., ii.8.10–11.
[Note 33] Bhagavad Gītā 2:15.
[Note 34] Ibid., 3:19.
[Note 35] Arrian, op. cit., ii.8.2.
[Note 36] Jacob Hoschander, The Priests and Prophets (New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1938), pp. 48 ff.
[Note 37] Isaiah 41–49.
[Note 38] Joseph Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, transl. by William F. Stine- spring (Boston: Beacon Press edition, 1961), p. 185.
[Note 39] Ibid., p. 182.
[Note 40] H. Schenkl, Epicteti Dissertations (Teubner, 1898), Fragment 17.
[Note 41] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 304, 492–93.
[Note 42] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 103–12.
[Note 43] Yasht 10.1; Darmesteter, The Zend A vesta, Part II, pp. 119–20.
[Note 44] Franz Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, translated by Thomas J. McCormack (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1903) , p. 24. For the series of grades of initiation, ibid., pp. 152–64. Fig. 23 is from Cumont, Textes et monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra (Brussels: H. Lamertin, 1896–99), Vol. n, p. 228, Fig. 59.
[Note 45] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 170–225.
[Note 46] William Blake, “Proverbs of Hell,” from The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (etched about 1793).
[Note 47] Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, pp. 191–93.
[Note 48] Ibid., pp. 180-81.
[Note 49] Carl G. Jung, Symbols of Transformation, translated by R. F. C. Hull, The Bollingen Series XX (New York: Pantheon Books, 1956), pp. 200–201.
[Note 50] Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, I. 7; as cited by Jung, Symbols of Transformation, p. 101, note 48.
[Note 51] Jung, Symbols of Transformation, p. 247.
[Note 52] Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, pp. 130–37.
[Note 53] Ibid., p. 105. Fig. 24 is from Cumont, Textes et monuments figurés, Vol. II, p. 238, Fig. 68.
[Note 54] Zimmer, The Art of Indian Asia, Vol. I, p. 194.
[Note 55] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 487.
[Note 56] See L. de la Valée Poussin, “Tantrism (Buddhist),” in Hastings (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. XII, pp. 193–97.
[Note 57] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 303 ff.
[Note 58] Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, p. 151.
[Note 59] See The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 177 and index, “Varuna.”
[Note 60] Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa 4.1.4; as discussed by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Government, American Oriental Series, Volume 22 (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1942), p. 6.
[Note 61] Taittirīya Saṁhitā 2.1.9.3; from Coomaraswamy, op. cit., note 22, pp. 28–29.
[Note 62] Coomaraswamy, op. cit., note 24, pp. 34–36.
[Note 63] Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, pp. 15 ff.
[Note 64] See, for example, Arthur Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe), The Serpent Power (Madras: Ganesh and Co., third revised edition, 1931), and Swami Nikhilananda (translator), The Gospel of Sri RamaKṛṣṇa (New York: RamaKṛṣṇa-Vivekananda Center, 1942), index, “Kundalini.”
[Note 65] Cicero, de Legibus 11.36.
[Note 66] Mark 13:3–37 (parallels in Matthew 24 and Luke 21; see also, II Thessalonians 2 and The Revelation to John).
[Note 67] I Maccabees 2:1–30.
[Note 68] Tarn, op. cit., pp. 217–26.
[Note 69] Erwin R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, 8 volumes, The Bollingen Series XXXVII (New York: Pantheon Books, 1953–1958), Vol. 2, p. 216; discussion of the Anguipede, pp. 245–58. The figures here reproduced are from Vol. m, Figs. 1083, 1094, 1097, 1104, 1109.
[Note 70] Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 248.
[Note 71] From the Greek Magical Papyri, Mithra Liturgy (Papyrus IV, lines 558–60), in Karl Lebrecht Preisendanz, Papyri Graegae Magicae: Die Griechische Zauberpap’yri (Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, Vol. I, 1928, Vol. II, 1931), Vol. I, p. 92, as cited by Goodenough, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 270.
[Note 72] Josephus, De Bello Judaico 2.8.14 (paragraphs 162–63), translation by William Whiston, revised by D. S. Margoliouth, as published by Harper and Brothers, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960.
[Note 73] Ibid., 2.8.14 (paragraphs 164–165).
[Note 74] Ibid., 2.8.14 (paragraph 166).
[Note 75] Maccabees 2:45–48.
[Note 76] Ibid., 3:1–12 abridged.
[Note 77] Ibid., 8–9:23.
[Note 78] Ibid., 9:24–10:20.
[Note 79] Ibid., 14:38–43.
[Note 80] Josephus, op. cit., 1.2.4 (paragraphs 57–60).
[Note 81] Ibid., 1.2.8 (paragraph 67).
[Note 82] Ibid., 1.3.1. (paragraph 71).
[Note 83] Ibid., paragraph 70.
[Note 84] Ibid., 1.3.2–6 (paragraphs 72–84).
[Note 85] Ibid., 1.4.4 (paragraphs 91–92).
[Note 86] Ibid., 1.4.4–5 (paragraphs 92–95).
[Note 87] Ibid., 1.4.1–6 (paragraphs 85–97).
[Note 88] Duncan Howlett, The Essenes and Christianity: An Interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957), p. 14.
[Note 89] Translation from Millar Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: The Viking Press, 1955), pp. 392–93; from The War Scroll, columns iii and iv, abridged.
[Note 90] Howlett, op. cit., p. 22.
[Note 91] Manual of Discipline, section on “The Two Spirits in Man,” Burrows, op. cit., pp. 374–76, greatly abridged.
[Note 92] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 292.
[Note 93] Rock Edict XII; Vincent A. Smith, The Edicts of Achoka (Broad Campden: Essex House Press, 1909), p. 20; cited in The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 294.
[Note 94] Howlett, op. cit., p. 18.
[Note 95] Burrows, op. cit., pp. 365–66.
[Note 96] Ibid., p. 365.
[Note 97] See Millar Burrows, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: The Viking Press, 1958), pp. 212 and 222, citing, among others, T. J. Milik and G. Vermes.
[Note 98] Frank Moore Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1958), pp. 101–16; discussed by Burrows, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 212.
[Note 99] Howlett, op. cit., pp. 48–58, and 66–67.
[Note 100] For the text, see Burrows, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 404, and for the identification with Jannaeus, Howlett, op. cit., pp. 68–78.
[Note 101] Howlett, op. cit., p. 76.
[Note 102] Burrows, More Light on the Dead Sea Scrolls, pp. 339–40.
[Note 103] Ibid., p. 341.
[Note 104] Cross, op. cit., p. 151.
[Note 105] Ibid., p. 151; the quoted phrase is from Rudolf Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament, translated by K. Grobel (New York: Scribner, 1951), Vol. I, p. 42.
[Note 106] Ibid., pp. 181–82; see also Bultmann, loc. cit.
[Note 107] Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls, p. 371.
[Note 108] Matthew 5:43–48.
Chapter 7: Great Rome: c. 500 b.c.-c. 500 a.d.
[Note 1] Mircea Eliade, Forgerons et al-chimists (Paris: Flammarion, 1956), p. 24.
[Note 2] Ibid., p. 83.
[Note 3] Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico 6.13–18. Translation by H. J. Edwards, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann), slightly modified.
[Note 4] For a survey of the Classical literature, see T. D. Kendrick. The Druids (London: Methuen and Co., 1927), Chapter III.
[Note 5] Alfred Nutt, The Voyage of Bran (London: David Nutt, 1897), Vol. II, pp. 92–93, note 6.
[Note 6] John Arnott MacCulloch, Celtic Mythology; The Mythology of All Races, Vol. III (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), pp. 45–46.
[Note 7] Nutt, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 91–96.
[Note 8] MacCulloch, op. cit., p. 43.
[Note 9] Nutt, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 92.
[Note 10] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 229–81.
[Note 11] Geoffrey Keating (c. 1570–1646), History of Ireland, translated by John O’Mahony (London: 1866), 105–106, as cited by J. A. MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1911), p. 50.
[Note 12] Keating 107; MacCulloch, Religion, pp. 50–51.
[Note 13] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 432–34.
[Note 14] Strabo 4.4.6; cited by Kendrick, op. cit., p. 139.
[Note 15] Mela, Chorogr. 3.6.48; Kendrick, op. cit., pp. 138–39.
[Note 16] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 183–90.
[Note 17] Kendrick, op. cit., pp. 139–40.
[Note 18] The Book of Leinster (Leabhar Laignech), 5; as cited by MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts, pp. 50–51.
[Note 19] MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts, p. 32.
[Note 20] Ibid., p. 69.
[Note 21] After Lady Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men (London: John Murray, 1904), pp. 51–52.
[Note 22] Texts from The Golden Book of Lecan, col. 648, lines 12 ff.; and Egerton, 1782, p. 148, as rendered by Ernst Windisch, Irische Texte, II Serie, 2 Heft, pp. 241 ff. Translation after Eleanor Hull, The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature (London: David Nutt, 1898), pp. 103–107.
[Note 23] H. D’Arbois de Jubainville, Les Celtes depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu’en 100 avant notre êre (Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1904) , pp. 63 ff.
[Note 24] MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts, pp. 138–41.
[Note 25] Otto-Wilhelm von Vacano, The Etruscans in the Ancient World, translated by Sheila Ann Ogilvie (London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), pp. 57–58.
[Note 26] Ibid., p. 39.
[Note 27] Ibid., p. 40. Fig. 29. discussed by von Vacano, is from Eduard Gerhard, Miroirs êtrusques (Berlin: 1841–67), Vol. II, Plate clxxvi.
[Note 28] Horace Gregory, Ovid, The Metamorphoses (New York: The Viking Press, 1958), p. 214.
[Note 29] For the variants and sources, see K. Kerényi, The Heroes of the Greeks (New York: Grove Press, 1960), pp. 113–21 and appended notes.
[Note 30] Ibid., p. 171.
[Note 31] Seneca, Quaestiones Naturales II. 32, 41, 48; as cited by von Vacano, op. cit., p. 145.
[Note 32] Plutarch, Romulus, following the translation called Dryden’s, as revised by A. H. Clough.
[Note 33] Ibid.
[Note 34] Luke 24:13–31.
[Note 35] Plutarch, op. cit.
[Note 36] Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1879), pp. 1224–25.
[Note 37] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 474–79.
[Note 38] Seneca, Epist. 41.3. Cited by Nilsson, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 286.
[Note 39] Ludwig Deubner, “Die Römer,” in Chantepie de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 4th revised edition, 1925), Vol. II, p. 443.
[Note 40] Ibid., pp. 438–42.
[Note 41] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 151–69.
[Note 42] Plutarch, De Pythiae Oraculis; as cited by H. C. O. Lanchester, “Sibylline Oracles,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. XI, p. 497.
[Note 43] Servius, commentary on Virgil, Eclogue iv. 4; Georgius Thilo, Servii Grammatici (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1961), Vol. III, pp. 44–45.
[Note 44] Eclogue iv. Translation after J. W. Mack ail.
[Note 45] Cicero, De re publica 6.9–26, greatly abridged, following the translation of Clinton Walker Keyes in the Loeb Classical Library, 1928 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann). Reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Loeb Classical Library.
[Note 46] Ibid., 6.13.
[Note 47] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 198–203.
[Note 48] Cicero, op. cit., 6.29.
[Note 49] Aeneid 6.790–807.
[Note 50] Metamorphoses 15.745–870.
[Note 51] Deubner, op. cit., pp. 469–71.
[Note 52] Ibid., p. 472.
[Note 53] I Corinthians 15:21–22 (date c. 54 a.d.)
[Note 54] Philippians 2:6–11. The identification of this passage as a traditional Christological hymn was made by Ernst Lohmeyer, “Kyrios Jesus,” Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sitzungsbericht. Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 1927–28. 4 Abh., 1928. See Rudolf Bultmann, Primitive Christianity in Its Contemporary Setting (New York: Living Age Books, 1956), pp. 196–97.
[Note 55] Klausner, The Messianic Idea in Israel, p. 24.
[Note 56] Luke 1:26–35, 38.
[Note 57] Luke 2:1–20.
[Note 58] See Henri Corbin, “Terre céleste et corps de résurrection d’après quelques traditions iraniennes,” Eranos-Jahrbuch 1953 (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, 1954), p. 109.
[Note 59] Matthew 2:1–12.
[Note 60] Epiphanius, Penarion 51, as cited by Kirsopp Lake, article, “Epiphany,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. V, p. 332.
[Note 61] Kirsopp Lake, article, “Christmas,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. III, p. 602.
[Note 62] Matthew 2:13–23.
[Note 63] Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, translated by Henrietta Szold (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1913), Vol. I, pp. 186–89.
[Note 64] Bhagavatā Puraṇa 10.1.17–10.4. 14, greatly abridged.
[Note 65] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 347–50.
[Note 66] Hesiod, Theogony 453–506. Translation reprinted from Hesiod, by Richmond Lattimore, pp. 150–53, by permission of The University of Michigan Press. Copyright © by The University of Michigan 1959.
[Note 67] Charles Guignebert, Jesus, translated from the French by S. H. Hooke (New York: University Books, 1956), p. 43.
[Note 68] Mark 1:9–11.
[Note 69] Luke 3:22, Western text, Codex D; cited by Guignebert, op. cit., p. 108.
[Note 70] Josephus, Antiquities 18.5.2.
[Note 71] Mark 6:16–29.
[Note 72] Mark 1:4–8.
[Note 73] II Kings 1:8.
[Note 74] See the discussion of this point in Guignebert, op. cit., p. 149, who supplies, as for every question, a complete bibliography.
[Note 75] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 264–72.
[Note 76] Matthew 1:1–17; Luke 3:23–38.
[Note 77] Mark 1:12–13.
[Note 78] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 15–21 and 271–72.
[Note 79] Ibid., pp. 14–15.
[Note 80] Klausner, The Messianic Idea in Israel, pp. 9–10; italics Klausner’s.
[Note 81] Mark 1:14–28.
[Note 82] Guignebert, op. cit., pp. 191–92.
[Note 83] Romans 13:11–12.
[Note 84] Mark 2:27.
[Note 85] Mark 2:22.
[Note 86] Mark 2:17.
[Note 87] Matthew 5:44.
[Note 88] Mark 12:28–31.
[Note 89] Matthew 16:13–23.
[Note 90] Mark 14:17–16:8.
[Note 91] Colossians 2:8–3:8, abridged.
[Note 92] Acts of John 88–89, translation following Montague Rhodes James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, corrected edition, 1953), p. 251. Reprinted b> permission of the Clarendon Press.
[Note 93] Acts of John 93; James, op. cit., pp. 252–53.
[Note 94] Vajracchedika 32; cited, The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, p. 319.
[Note 95] The Tempest IV.i.157–58.
[Note 96] Corpus Hermeticum, translated by Scott, Book XI (ii), 20b–22b; pp. 220–23. I owe the knowledge of this passage to the kindness and learning of Dr. Alan W. Watts and Mrs. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy.
[Note 97] The Gospel According to Thomas, Coptic text established and translated by A. Guillaumont, H.-Ch. Puech, G. Quispel, W. Till, and Yassah ’Abd al Masīh (Leiden: E. J. Brill; New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959), p. 43.
[Note 98] Thomas 80:14–19a; 99:13–18; 80:14b–81:4; op. cit., pp. 3 and 55, 57.
[Note 99] Luke 17:20–21.
[Note 100] Guignebert, op. cit., pp. 339–41.
[Note 101] Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, from Chapters I and II.
[Note 102] Acts of John 94–96. Translation based on James, op. cit., pp. 253–54 and Max Pulver, “Jesus’ Round Dance and Crucifixion,” in Joseph Campbell (ed.), The Mysteries, The Bollingen Series XXX, Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks, Vol. 2, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1955), pp. 178–80.
[Note 103] Acts of John 97–102; James, op. cit., pp. 254–56, Pulver, op. cit., pp. 180–82.
[Note 104] Acts 1:6.
[Note 105] Isaiah 26:19.
[Note 106] Isaiah 65:17, 19.
[Note 107] Justin Martyr, First Apology 26; in Thomas B. Falls, Writings of Saint Justin Martyr (New York: Christian Heritage, 1949), p. 62.
[Note 108] R. M. Grant, Gnosticism and Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 185.
[Note 109] E. F. Scott, article “Gnosticism,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. VI, p. 241.
[Note 110] Acts 7:58; 8:1, 3.
[Note 111] Galatians 3:13–14.
[Note 112] Galatians 3:24–25, 28–29.
[Note 113] I Corinthians 1:10; 5:9–13, abridged.
[Note 114] Ibid., 12:7, 12–13, 27–28.
[Note 115] Ibid., 11:3–10.
[Note 116] Ibid., 11:1.
[Note 117] Acts 8:1.
[Note 118] Acts 17:16–18:1.
[Note 119] Acts 21:30–36.
[Note 120] James Henry Breasted, The Conquest of Civilization (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1926), p. 673.
[Note 121] Eusebius of Caesarea, Vita Constantini (ed. I. A. Keikel, Berlin, 1902), translation, Nicene Library (ed. H. Wace and P. Schaff, Oxford, 1890 ff.).
[Note 122] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 293–94.
[Note 123] For a discussion of these controversies, see Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, translated from the third German edition by Neil Buchanan (New York: Dover Publications, 1961), Vol. V, pp. 140–68 for the Donatist Controversy, and Vol. IV, Chapter I, for The Doctrine of the Homousia of the Son of God with God Himself.
[Note 124] John 18:36, in part.
[Note 125] H. M. Gwatkin, “Constantine and His City,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, p. 3.
[Note 126] Translation from Gwatkin, “Arianism,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, pp. 121–22.
[Note 127] Gibbon, op. cit., Chapter XXVIII, in part.
[Note 128] Augustine, De Civitate Dei, Book 22, Chapter 30.
Part Four: The Age of Great Beliefs
Introduction: The Dialogue of Europe and the Levant
[Note 1] Spengler, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 211 (English), p. 272 (German).
[Note 2] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 329 (English), p. 421 (German).
[Note 3] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 225 (English), p. 290 (German).
[Note 4] Ibid., Vol. I, p. 200 (English), p. 257 (German).
[Note 5] Ibid., Vol. II, p. 234 (English), Vol. II, page 283 (German).
[Note 6] Ibid., Vol. II, p. 189 (English), Vol. II, p. 227 (German).
[Note 7] Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 190–91 (English), pp. 228–29 (German).
Chapter 8: The Cross and the Crescent
[Note 1] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 296–98.
[Note 2] Dēnkart 412; from Zaehner, op. cit., pp. 175–76.
[Note 3] Ibid.
[Note 4] Dēnkart 413; Zaehner, op. cit., p. 176.
[Note 5] Zaehner, op. cit., p. 186.
[Note 6] Ibid., p. 187, citing Shikand-Gumānīk Vichār 10.70–71.
[Note 7] Dēnkart 413; Zaehner, op. cit., p. 176.
[Note 8] Dēnkart 414–15; Zaehner, op. cit., pp. 176–77.
[Note 9] Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 235–36 (English), Vol. II, p. 285 (German).
[Note 10] Gwatkin, “Arianism,” pp. 135–36.
[Note 11] Following Alice Gardner, “Religious Disunion in the Fifth Century,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, pp. 494–503; and R. M. French, The Eastern Orthodox Church (London: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1951), pp. 23–33.
[Note 12] Gibbon, op. cit., Chapter XXXVI, last paragraph.
[Note 13] Compare The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 266–67.
[Note 14] For an introductory view of the temples, with photographs, see Imgard Bidder, Lalibela: The Monolithic Churches of Ethiopia (London: Thames and Hudson, 1959).
[Note 15] Cf. Ugo Monneret de Villard, Aksum: Ricerche di Topografia Generate (Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1938); Enno Littmann and Theodor von Lüpke, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition, 4 vols. (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1913), “Legend of the Dragon King,” Vol. I, p. 39.
[Note 16] Leo Frobenius, Und Afrika Sprach. … (Berlin: Vita Verlag, 1912), pp. 605–36.
[Note 17] Gardner, op. cit., pp. 510–11.
[Note 18] Adda B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 327.
[Note 19] Ibid., p. 322.
[Note 20] Robert Eisler, Weltenmantel und Himmelszelt (Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1910), Vol. I, p. 36, note 2, citing Liudprand of Cremona (d. c. 972), Antapodosis VI.5. Cf. translation by F. A. Wright, The Works of Liudprand of Cremona (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1930), pp. 207–208.
[Note 21] Norman H. Baynes, The Byzantine Empire (London: Williams and Norgate, Ltd., 1925), pp. 72–73; cited by Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History, pp. 335–36.
[Note 22] Charles Diehl, “Justinian’s Government in the East,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. II, pp. 25–27, 45–49; French, op. cit., pp. 34–40.
[Note 23] E. W. Brooks, “The Successors of Heraclius to 717,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. II, pp. 401–402.
[Note 24] French, op. cit., pp. 38–44.
[Note 25] Koran 1:1–7. Translation following Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur-an: Text, Translation and Commentary (New York: Hafner Publishing Company, no date), Vol. I, pp. 14–15. All the following Koranic quotations are based on this translation.
[Note 26] Koran 2:30–39.
[Note 27] Genesis 20:8–14.
[Note 28] Koran 2:127–28.
[Note 29] Koran 2:133.
[Note 30] Koran 2:140.
[Note 31] Koran 2:40–41.
[Note 32] Koran 2:87–88.
[Note 33] In this division I am following D. S. Margoliouth, “Muhammad,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. VIII, p. 873.
[Note 34] Koran 96:1–5.
[Note 35] Abdullah Yusuf Ali, op. cit., Koranic Commentary 27–33, abridged, pp. 8–10.
[Note 36] Commentary 34, ibid., p. 10.
[Note 37] Koran 73:1–5.
[Note 38] Following the Commentary of Abdullah Yusuf Ali, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 1633–40, notes 5754, 5755, 5778.
[Note 39] Koran 74:1–10.
[Note 40] A. A. Bevan, “Mahomet and Islām,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. II, p. 306; and H. A. R. Gibb, Mohammedanism (New York: Oxford University Press, Galaxy Books, 1962), p. 38.
[Note 41] Koran 106.
[Note 42] Commentary 26, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, op. cit., p. 8.
[Note 43] Koran 9:40.
[Note 44] Gibb, op. cit., p. 29.
[Note 45] Bevan, op. cit., p. 325.
[Note 46] A. E. Crawley, article, “Kissing,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. VII, p. 743.
[Note 47] Koran 44:38–59.
[Note 48] Jeremiah 10:2–3, 6–8, 10.
[Note 49] Koran 2:144.
[Note 50] Koran 3:85.
[Note 51] Isaiah 61:5–6.
[Note 52] Koran 50:37.
[Note 53] Gibb, op. cit., pp. 78–79.
[Note 54] Ibid., p. 94.
[Note 55] Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 84–85 (German), pp. 72–73 (English).
[Note 56] Gibb, op. cit., pp. 95–98.
[Note 57] Ibid., p. 98.
[Note 58] Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 85–86 (German), p. 73 (English).
[Note 59] Sir Mohammad Iqbal, translation by Arthur J. Arberry, The Mysteries of Selflessness (London: John Murray Ltd., 1953), p. xv; as cited by Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International History, p. 360, note 7.
[Note 60] Koran 74:49–50; 76:4–5 and 13–16.
[Note 61] Omar Khayyám, The Rubaiyat, E. H. Whinfield translation, stanzas 185; 244; 262.
[Note 62] Jalālu’ddīn Rūmī, Mathnawī I. 3360–95. Translation following Reynold A. Nicholson, The Mathnawí of Jalálu’ddín Rúmí, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series IV (London: Luzac and Co., Vol. II, 1926), pp. 183–84, abridged.
[Note 63] Louis Massignon, “Die Ursprünge und die Bedeutung des Gnostizismus im Islam,” Eranos-Jahrbuch 1937 (Zurich: Rhein-Verlag, 1938), p. 58, citing Moghira, Shahrastani, milal, II, 13–14.
[Note 64] Ibid., pp. 59–60, citing the Persian-Gnostic Omm-al-Kitāb and the doctrine of the Syrian Noseiri sect.
[Note 65] Ibid., pp. 64–65, citing Omm-al-Kitāb.
[Note 66] Ibid., p. 66.
[Note 67] Koran 97:1–5.
[Note 68] Koran 4:157.
[Note 69] Massignon, op. cit., pp. 69–70.
[Note 70] Ibid., p. 74, from Mansūr al-Hallāj, Kitāb al-Tawāsin.
[Note 71] Koran 24:32.
[Note 72] Gibb, op. cit., p. 133.
[Note 73] Reynold A. Nicholson, article “Sufis,” in Hastings (ed.), op. cit., Vol. XII, pp. 11–12.
[Note 74] Translation by R. A. Nicholson, article “Mysticism,” in Sir Thomas Arnold (ed.), The Legacy of Islam (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1931), p. 211.
[Note 75] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 461–72.
[Note 76] Marion Morehouse and E. E. Cummings, Adventures in Value (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1962), motto page.
[Note 77] Aṣṭavakra Saṁhitā 14–15, in part.
[Note 78] Nicholson, “Mysticism,” p. 217.
[Note 79] Ibid., p. 215.
[Note 80] Koran 55:26–27.
[Note 81] Koran 50:16.
[Note 82] Koran 2:115.
[Note 83] Massignon, op. cit., pp. 74–75, citing Hallāj, op. cit.
[Note 84] Koran 2:26; see also 2:98.
[Note 85] Arabian Nights, Tale 155, “Hassan of Bassora and the King’s Daughter of the Jinn.” See Joseph Campbell (ed.) The Portable Arabian Nights (New York: The Viking Press, 1952, 1962), pp. 566–79.
[Note 86] Omar Khayyám, The Rubáiyát, stanza 491, Whinfield translation.
[Note 87] Spengler, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 278 (German), p. 237 (English).
Chapter 9: Europe Resurgent
[Note 1] Standish H. O’Grady, Silva Gadelica, Vol. II (Translation and Notes), pp. 1–4.
[Note 2] O’Grady, op. cit., p. vi.
[Note 3] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 115–21, 129.
[Note 4] “The Lebar Brecc Homily on Saint Patrick,” p. 24, col. 2; translation from Whitley Stokes, The Tripartite Life of Patrick with Other Documents Relating to That Saint (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1887), Vol. II, p. 433.
[Note 5] Ibid., p. 26, col. 1; Stokes, op. cit, pp. 448–49.
[Note 6] Bethu Phátraic Andso, Egerton 93, fo. ca., in Stokes, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 41–47, and Lebar Brecc, p. 27, col. i., in Vol. II, pp. 455–59.
[Note 7] Rawlinson B. 512, fo. 11 (Stokes, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 91–93).
[Note 8] Optatus, De schismate Donatistarum 2.1. and 5.4; cited by Harnack, op. cit., Vol. V, pp. 44–45.
[Note 9] Following Harnack, op. cit., Vol. V, pp. 168–221.
[Note 10] Ibid., Chapter VI, note 1.
[Note 11] Following Henry Bett, Joannes Scot us Erigena (Cambridge: The University Press, 1928). The legend of Scotus’s martyrdom is from William of Malmesbury.
[Note 12] Matthew 27:38. The Book of Kells is now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin.
[Note 13] Stokes, op. cit., Vol. I, p. clxi, citing Lebar Brecc, p. 257 a.
[Note 14] Sullivan, op. cit., p. 18.
[Note 15] T. G.E. Powell, The Celts (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1958), p. 61.
[Note 16] O’Grady, op. cit., pp. 103–104, 108, 137.
[Note 17] Tacitus, Germania 2–3, in part. Translation from H. Mattingly, Tacitus on Britain and Germany (Harmondsworth and Baltimore: The Penguin Classics, 1948), pp. 102–103.
[Note 18] Ibid., 7; Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 106–107.
[Note 19] Ibid., 9; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 108.
[Note 20] Ibid., 39–40, Mattingly, op. cit, pp. 132–34.
[Note 21] Ibid., 43; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 136.
[Note 22] Ibid., 45; Mattingly, op. cit., p. 138.
[Note 23] Ibid., 8; Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 107–108.
[Note 24] Ibid., 27; Mattingly, op. cit., pp. 122–23.
[Note 25] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 62–64.
[Note 26] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, pp. 74–75; 267–78.
[Note 27] Snorri Sturluson, The Prose Edda, Gylfaginning 48; translation following Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur, The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson (New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1929), pp. 68–70; and Lee M. Hollander, The Skalds (New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1947), pp. 28–30.
[Note 28] B. Phillpotts, “German Heathenism,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. II, pp. 481–82, citing A. C. Haddon, Magic and Fetishism (London: 1906).
[Note 29] Phillpotts, op. cit., p. 481.
[Note 30] Otto von Friesen, article “Runes,” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition (1929), Vol. 19, p. 662, translating runes of the Bjorketorp Inscription and the Freilaubersheim Brooch.
[Note 31] Hovamol 139, 140, 142. Translation by Henry Adams Bellows, The Poetic Edda (New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1923), pp. 60–61.
[Note 32] Bellows, op. cit., p. xviii.
[Note 33] Holger Arbman, The Vikings (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1961), p. 90.
[Note 34] Eleanor Hull, Early Christian Ireland (London: David Nutt, 1905), pp. 167–68.
[Note 35] Arbman, op. cit., pp. 79–80, translating Ermentarius of Noirmoutier.
[Note 36] Hollander, op. cit., p. 56.
[Note 37] Grimnismol 23; Bellows, op. cit., p. 93.
[Note 38] Voluspo 45, 47, 48; Bellows, op. cit., pp. 19–21.
[Note 39] Voluspo 49–56; Bellows, op. cit., pp. 21–23.
[Note 40] Voluspo 57, 59, 62; Bellows, op. cit., pp. 24–25.
[Note 41] Sturluson, op. cit., Gylfaginning IV–IX; Brodeur, op. cit., pp. 16–22.
[Note 42] Sturluson, op. cit., Gylfaginning 20; Brodeur, op. cit., pp. 34–35.
[Note 43] Alexander Hamilton Thompson, “Medieval Doctrine to the Lateran Council of 1215,” Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI, pp. 634–35.
[Note 44] Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, in 3 volumes (New York: Russell and Russell, reprint edition, 1955), Vol. I, p. 5.
[Note 45] John 8:7.
[Note 46] Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 14.
[Note 47] Ibid.
[Note 48] “La Gesta de Fra Peyre Cardinal,” in Franfois J. M. Raynouard, Lexique Roman (Paris: Silvestre, 1836–44), Vol. I, p. 464; translation from Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 56.
[Note 49] Karl Pannier, Walther von der Vogelweide Sammtlich Gedichte (Leipzig: Philipp Reclam, 1876), p. 119, No. 110; cited by Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 55.
[Note 50] S. Bernardi Sermones de Conversione, cap. 19, 20; as in Lea, op. cit., Vol., I, p. 52.
[Note 51] S. Hildegardae Revelat. Vis. X. cap. 16; as in Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 53.
[Note 52] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 234–40.
[Note 53] Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 104.
[Note 54] A. S. Turberville, “Heresies and the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, c. 1000–1305,” Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI, pp. 701–702.
[Note 55] Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 104–105.
[Note 56] Ibid., pp. 119–20.
[Note 57] Ibid., pp. 123–24.
[Note 58] For a survey of these dance movements, see E. Louis Backman, Religious Dances in the Christian Church and in Popular Medicine, translated from the Swedish by E. Classen (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1952), pp. 170 ff.
[Note 59] Ibid., pp. 161–70.
[Note 60] Matthew 6:6.
[Note 61] Lea, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 129–61, where all references are supplied.
[Note 62] Lea, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 90–119.
[Note 63] Dante, Paradiso XII.140–41.
[Note 64] Dante, Inferno XXVIII.55.
[Note 65] Dante, Convivio IV.4.120.
[Note 66] Ibid., IV.5.180.
[Note 67] Hilda Johnstone, “France: The Last Capetians,” in The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VII, p. 314.
[Note 68] Ibid., p. 315.
[Note 69] Lea, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 491.
[Note 70] Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 467–93.
[Note 71] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 402.
[Note 72] The Masks of God: Primitive Mythology, p. 231.
[Note 73] Franz Rolf Schröder, Die Parzivalfrage (Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1928).
[Note 74] See Jessie Weston, From Ritual to Romance (Cambridge: The University Press, 1920), pp. 11–22; also Roger Sherman Loomis, From Celtic Myth to Arthurian Romance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), pp. 250–70.
[Note 75] Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival 3.118.14–17 and 28; translated (in part) from Helen M. Mustard and Charles E. Passage (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1961), p. 67.
[Note 76] Ibid., 3.119.29–30.
[Note 77] J. Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (New York: Doubleday Anchor Books), p. 127.
[Note 78] Ibid., p. 107.
[Note 79] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 343–64.
[Note 80] Quoted from Lea, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 440.
[Note 81] Franz Pfeiffer, ed., Meister Eckhart, translation by C. de B. Evans (London: John M. Watkins, 1947), Vol. I, “Sermons and Collations,” No. II, pp. 9–10.
[Note 82] Ibid., p. 10.
[Note 83] Ibid., p. 14.
[Note 84] Ibid., Vol. I, “Sermons and Collations,” No. XXVI, pp. 76–77.
[Note 85] Ibid., Vol. I, “Sermons and Collations,” No. LXEX, p. 171.
[Note 86] Ibid., Vol. I, “Sermons and Collations,” No. LXXXVIII, pp. 221–22.
[Note 87] Ibid., Vol. II, “Sermons,” No. I, p. 89.
[Note 88] Ibid., ‘Tractates,” No. VII, Vol. I, pp. 334–36.
[Note 89] C. de B. Evans, in ibid., Vol. I, pp. xii–xiii.
[Note 90] Alan W. Watts, Myth and Ritual in Christianity (New York: The Vanguard Press, 1953), pp. 78–82.
[Note 91] Pfeiffer, op. cit., “Sermons and Collations,” Vol. I, p. 46.
Conclusion: At the Close of an Age
[Note 1] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 35–36.
[Note 2] The Masks of God: Oriental Mythology, pp. 13–23.