LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Girolamo Savonarola. Painting by Fra Bartolomeo della Porta. Alinari-Scala/Art Resource, NY. Page 43

A sixteenth-century town wall. From Life on a Medieval Barony by William Stearns Davis copyright 1923 by Harper & Brothers; copyright renewed 1951 by William Stearns Davis. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Inc. Page 49

A medieval fair. From Life on a Medieval Barony by William Stearns Davis copyright 1923 by Harper & Brothers; copyright renewed 1951 by William Stearns Davis. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Inc. Page 51

Home of a medieval nobleman. From the restoration by Viollet-le-Duc. From Life on a Medieval Barony by William Stearns Davis copyright 1923 by Harper & Brothers; copyright renewed 1951 by William Stearns Davis. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Inc. Page 52

King Francis I of France. Painting by Jean Clouet. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 72

Pope Julius II. Detail from fresco The Mass of Bolsena, by Raphael. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 75

Alexander VI, the Borgia pope. Detail from mural The Resurrection, by Pinturicchio. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 77

Giulia Farnese. Detail from painting The Transfiguration, by Raphael. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 78

Lucrezia Borgia. Detail from mural La Disputa de Santa Caterina, by Pinturicchio. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 81

Cesare Borgia. Painting by Marco Palmezzano. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 83

Nicolaus Copernicus. Engraving, artist unknown. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 90

Leonardo da Vinci. Chalk drawing, self-portrait. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 92

Niccolò Machiavelli. Terra-cotta bust, artist unknown. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 101

Sir Thomas More. Painting by Hans Holbein the Younger. Copyright The Frick Collection, New York. Page 109

Cupola of St. Peter’s. Michelangelo. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 116

Desiderius Erasmus. Painting by Hans Holbein the Younger. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 122

The traffic in indulgences. Detail from woodcut by Hans Holbein the Younger. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1936. (36.77). Page 132

St. Peter’s Square in Rome at the time of the coronation of Pope Sixtus V, in 1585. Painting from the Sala Sistina. The Granger Collection, New York. Page 134

Martin Luther. Painting by Lucas Cranach. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 138

Pope Leo X. Painting by Raphael. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 147

Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain). Painting by Titian. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 155

The Reformation Monument, Geneva. Page 177

John Calvin. Painting, artist unknown. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 192

Pope Clement VII. Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 196

Castel Sant’ Angelo, Rome. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 198

Lutheran satire on papal reform. Woodcut, artist unknown. Illustration courtesy of American Heritage Picture Collection, American Heritage Magazine. Page 200

King Henry VIII of England. Painting by Hans Holbein the Younger. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 205

Anne Boleyn. Engraving, artist unknown. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 210

Ferdinand Magellan. Painting, sixteenth century, artist unknown. Alinari/Art Resource, NY. Page 225

Balboa claims the Pacific. Lithograph, nineteenth century. The Granger Collection, New York. Page 244

Magellan’s Armada de Molucca sails from Spain. Wood engraving, nineteenth century. The Granger Collection, New York. Page 251

The Río de la Plata. Bellin’s Atlas of 1781. Page 254

The death of Magellan. Drawing, nineteenth century. The Granger Collection, New York. Page 281